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Attentional bias toward cigarette cues in active smokers.

ABSTRACT: While it is well documented that substance users exhibit attentional bias toward addiction-related stimuli, the exact mechanism remains unclear.To differentiate between distinct aspects of attentional allocation in the smoking-cue attentional bias observed in smokers.Active smokers (AS) and non-smoking controls completed spatial cueing tasks with pairs of smoking and neutral pictorial cues to measure attentional capture, and an attentional blink task with either a smoking or neutral image appearing behind the first target (T1) to measure aspects of attention separate from capture. In addition, we tested groups of sports enthusiasts, and non-enthusiasts in corresponding tasks replacing smoking images with sports-related images to address the possibility that effects found in the smoking study were due simply to greater stimulus familiarity.Smoking cues reflexively capture smokers' attention, as AS showed a greater bias toward smoking cues in short stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA; the time between the onset of two stimuli) trials, but not in trials with a longer SOA. These effects represent a facilitation of responding to smoking- versus neutral-cued targets, and were absent in the sports control task. The attentional blink effects were similar in the smoking- and sports-cue experiments: the special T1 resulted in better detection of the second target for the smokers and sports enthusiasts.Stimulus familiarity may contribute to some aspects of attentional bias in regular nicotine users, but selective quick capture of attention by smoking cues may be nicotine-habit specific.

SUBMITTER: Chanon VW

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2967198 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Attentional bias toward cigarette cues in active smokers.

Chanon Vicki W VW Sours Chandler R CR Boettiger Charlotte A CA

Psychopharmacology 20100729 3

<h4>Rationale</h4>While it is well documented that substance users exhibit attentional bias toward addiction-related stimuli, the exact mechanism remains unclear.<h4>Objectives</h4>To differentiate between distinct aspects of attentional allocation in the smoking-cue attentional bias observed in smokers.<h4>Methods</h4>Active smokers (AS) and non-smoking controls completed spatial cueing tasks with pairs of smoking and neutral pictorial cues to measure attentional capture, and an attentional bli ...[more]

PMID: 20668841

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Project description:BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating cannabinoid found in cannabis, may be a promising novel smoking cessation treatment due to its anxiolytic properties, minimal side effects and research showing that it may modify drug cue salience. We used an experimental medicine approach with dependent cigarette smokers to investigate if (1) overnight nicotine abstinence, compared with satiety, will produce greater attentional bias (AB), higher pleasantness ratings of cigarette-related stimuli and increased craving and withdrawal; and (2) CBD in comparison to placebo, would attenuate AB, pleasantness of cigarette-related stimuli, craving and withdrawal and not produce any side effects. DESIGN:Randomized, double-blind cross-over study with a fixed satiated session followed by two overnight abstinent sessions. SETTING:UK laboratory. PARTICIPANTS:Thirty non-treatment-seeking, dependent cigarette smokers recruited from the community. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR:800 mg oral CBD, or matched placebo (PBO) in a counterbalanced order MEASUREMENTS: AB to pictorial tobacco cues was recorded using a visual probe task and an explicit rating task. Withdrawal, craving, side effects, heart rate and blood pressure were assessed repeatedly. FINDINGS:When participants received PBO, tobacco abstinence increased AB (P = 0.001, d = 0.789) compared with satiety. However, CBD reversed this effect, such that automatic AB was directed away from cigarette cues (P = 0.007, d = 0.704) and no longer differed from satiety (P = 0.82). Compared with PBO, CBD also reduced explicit pleasantness of cigarette images (P = 0.011; d = 0.514). Craving (Bayes factor = 7.08) and withdrawal (Bayes factor = 6.95) were unaffected by CBD, but greater in abstinence compared with satiety. Systolic blood pressure decreased under CBD during abstinence. CONCLUSIONS:A single 800-mg oral dose of cannabidiol reduced the salience and pleasantness of cigarette cues, compared with placebo, after overnight cigarette abstinence in dependent smokers. Cannabidiol did not influence tobacco craving or withdrawal or any subjectively rated side effects.

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Attentional bias toward cigarette cues in active smokers.

Publications

Attentional bias toward cigarette cues in active smokers.

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