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Using neutron protein crystallography to understand enzyme mechanisms.

ABSTRACT: A description is given of the results of neutron diffraction studies of the structures of four different metal-ion complexes of deuterated D-xylose isomerase. These represent four stages in the progression of the biochemical catalytic action of this enzyme. Analyses of the structural changes observed between the various three-dimensional structures lead to some insight into the mechanism of action of this enzyme.

SUBMITTER: Glusker JP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2967424 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Using neutron protein crystallography to understand enzyme mechanisms.

Glusker Jenny P JP Carrell H L HL Kovalevsky Andrey Y AY Hanson Leif L Fisher S Zoe SZ Mustyakimov Marat M Mason Sax S Forsyth Trevor T Langan Paul P

Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography 20101020 Pt 11

A description is given of the results of neutron diffraction studies of the structures of four different metal-ion complexes of deuterated D-xylose isomerase. These represent four stages in the progression of the biochemical catalytic action of this enzyme. Analyses of the structural changes observed between the various three-dimensional structures lead to some insight into the mechanism of action of this enzyme. ...[more]

PMID: 21041947

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Macromolecular neutron crystallography at the Protein Crystallography Station (PCS).

Project description:The Protein Crystallography Station (PCS) at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center is a high-performance beamline that forms the core of a capability for neutron macromolecular structure and function determination. Neutron diffraction is a powerful technique for locating H atoms and can therefore provide unique information about how biological macromolecules function and interact with each other and smaller molecules. Users of the PCS have access to neutron beam time, deuteration facilities, the expression of proteins and the synthesis of substrates with stable isotopes and also support for data reduction and structure analysis. The beamline exploits the pulsed nature of spallation neutrons and a large electronic detector in order to collect wavelength-resolved Laue patterns using all available neutrons in the white beam. The PCS user facility is described and highlights from the user program are presented.

| S-EPMC2967422 | biostudies-literature

Mapping periplasmic binding protein oligosaccharide recognition with neutron crystallography.

Project description:Numerous studies have shown how periplasmic binding proteins (PBPs) bind substrates with exquisite specificity, even distinguishing between sugar epimers and anomers, or structurally similar ions. Yet, marked substrate promiscuity is also a feature encoded in some PBPs. Except for three sub-Ångström crystal structures, there are no reports of hydrogen atom positions in the remaining (> 1000) PBP structures. The previous X-ray crystal structure of the maltodextrin periplasmic-binding protein from Thermotoga maritima (tmMBP) complexed with oligosaccharide showed a large network of interconnected water molecules stretching from one end of the substrate binding pocket to the other. These water molecules are positioned to form multiple hydrogen bonds, as well as forming interactions between the protein and substrate. Here we present the neutron crystal structure of tmMBP to a resolution of 2.1 Å. This is the first neutron crystal structure from the PBP superfamily and here we unambiguously identify the nature and orientation of the hydrogen bonding and water-mediated interactions involved in stabilizing a tetrasaccharide in the binding site. More broadly, these results demonstrate the conserved intricate mechanisms that underlie substrate-specificity and affinity in PBPs.

| S-EPMC9587032 | biostudies-literature

Hydrogen bonds of DsrD protein revealed by neutron crystallography.

Project description:The features of hydrogen bonds in DsrD protein from sulfate-reducing bacteria have been investigated by neutron protein crystallography. The function of DsrD has not yet been elucidated clearly, but its X-ray crystal structure revealed that it comprises a winged-helix motif and shows the highest structural homology to the DNA-binding proteins. Since any neutron structure of a DNA recognition protein has not yet been obtained, here detailed information on the hydrogen bonds in the winged-helix-motif protein is given and the following features found. (i) The number of hydrogen bonds per amino acid of DsrD is relatively fewer than for other proteins for which neutron structures were determined previously. (ii) Hydrogen bonds are localized between main-chain and main-chain atoms; there are few hydrogen bonds between main-chain and side-chain atoms and between side-chain and side-chain atoms. (iii) Hydrogen bonds inducted by protonation of specific amino acid residues (Glu50) seem to play an essential role in the dimerization of DsrD. The former two points are related to the function of the DNA-binding protein; the three-dimensional structure was mainly constructed by hydrogen bonds in main chains, while the side chains appeared to be used for another role. The latter point would be expected to contribute to the crystal growth of DsrD.

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Large-volume protein crystal growth for neutron macromolecular crystallography.

Project description:Neutron macromolecular crystallography (NMC) is the prevailing method for the accurate determination of the positions of H atoms in macromolecules. As neutron sources are becoming more available to general users, finding means to optimize the growth of protein crystals to sizes suitable for NMC is extremely important. Historically, much has been learned about growing crystals for X-ray diffraction. However, owing to new-generation synchrotron X-ray facilities and sensitive detectors, protein crystal sizes as small as in the nano-range have become adequate for structure determination, lessening the necessity to grow large crystals. Here, some of the approaches, techniques and considerations for the growth of crystals to significant dimensions that are now relevant to NMC are revisited. These include experimental strategies utilizing solubility diagrams, ripening effects, classical crystallization techniques, microgravity and theoretical considerations.

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Neutron crystallography reveals mechanisms used by Pseudomonas aeruginosa for host-cell binding.

Project description:The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major cause of nosocomial infections, uses carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) as part of its binding to host cells. The fucose-binding lectin, LecB, displays a unique carbohydrate-binding site that incorporates two closely located calcium ions bridging between the ligand and protein, providing specificity and unusually high affinity. Here, we investigate the mechanisms involved in binding based on neutron crystallography studies of a fully deuterated LecB/fucose/calcium complex. The neutron structure, which includes the positions of all the hydrogen atoms, reveals that the high affinity of binding may be related to the occurrence of a low-barrier hydrogen bond induced by the proximity of the two calcium ions, the presence of coordination rings between the sugar, calcium and LecB, and the dynamic behaviour of bridging water molecules at room temperature. These key structural details may assist in the design of anti-adhesive compounds to combat multi-resistance bacterial infections.

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Fifteen years of the Protein Crystallography Station: the coming of age of macromolecular neutron crystallography.

Project description:The Protein Crystallography Station (PCS), located at the Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Center (LANSCE), was the first macromolecular crystallography beamline to be built at a spallation neutron source. Following testing and commissioning, the PCS user program was funded by the Biology and Environmental Research program of the Department of Energy Office of Science (DOE-OBER) for 13 years (2002-2014). The PCS remained the only dedicated macromolecular neutron crystallography station in North America until the construction and commissioning of the MaNDi and IMAGINE instruments at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which started in 2012. The instrument produced a number of research and technical outcomes that have contributed to the field, clearly demonstrating the power of neutron crystallo-graphy in helping scientists to understand enzyme reaction mechanisms, hydrogen bonding and visualization of H-atom positions, which are critical to nearly all chemical reactions. During this period, neutron crystallography became a technique that increasingly gained traction, and became more integrated into macromolecular crystallography through software developments led by investigators at the PCS. This review highlights the contributions of the PCS to macromolecular neutron crystallography, and gives an overview of the history of neutron crystallography and the development of macromolecular neutron crystallography from the 1960s to the 1990s and onwards through the 2000s.

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Neutron crystallography: opportunities, challenges, and limitations.

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Long-Range Electrostatics-Induced Two-Proton Transfer Captured by Neutron Crystallography in an Enzyme Catalytic Site.

Project description:Neutron crystallography was used to directly locate two protons before and after a pH-induced two-proton transfer between catalytic aspartic acid residues and the hydroxy group of the bound clinical drug darunavir, located in the catalytic site of enzyme HIV-1 protease. The two-proton transfer is triggered by electrostatic effects arising from protonation state changes of surface residues far from the active site. The mechanism and pH effect are supported by quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations. The low-pH proton configuration in the catalytic site is deemed critical for the catalytic action of this enzyme and may apply more generally to other aspartic proteases. Neutrons therefore represent a superb probe to obtain structural details for proton transfer reactions in biological systems at a truly atomic level.

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Optimizing Crystal Size of Photosystem II by Macroseeding: Toward Neutron Protein Crystallography.

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