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Maternal education is associated with vaccination status of infants less than 6 months in Eastern Uganda: a cohort study.

ABSTRACT: Despite provision of free childhood vaccinations, less than half of all Ugandan infants are fully vaccinated. This study compares women with some secondary schooling to those with only primary schooling with regard to their infants' vaccination status.A community-based prospective cohort study conducted between January 2006 and May 2008 in which 696 pregnant women were followed up to 24 weeks post partum. Information was collected on the mothers' education and vaccination status of the infants.At 24 weeks, the following vaccinations had been received: bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG): 92%; polio-1: 91%; Diphteria-Pertussis-Tetanus-Hepatitis B-Haemophilus Influenza b (DPT-HB-Hib) 3 and polio-3: 63%. About 51% of the infants were fully vaccinated (i.e., had received all the scheduled vaccinations: BCG, polio 0, polio 1, DPT-HB-Hib1, polio 2, DPT-HB-Hib 2, polio 3 and DPT-HB-Hib 3). Only 46% of the infants whose mothers' had 5-7 years of primary education had been fully vaccinated compared to 65% of the infants whose mothers' had some secondary education. Infants whose mothers had some secondary education were less likely to miss the DPT-HB-Hib-2 vaccine (RR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.8), Polio-2 (RR: 0.4, 95%CI: 0.3, 0.7), polio-3 (RR: 0.5, 95%CI: 0.4, 0.7) and DPT-HB-Hib-3 (RR: 0.5, 95%CI: 0.4, 0.7). Other factors showing some association with a reduced risk of missed vaccinations were delivery at a health facility (RR = 0.8; 95%CI: 0.7, 1.0) and use of a mosquito net (RR: 0.8; 95%CI: 0.7, 1.0).Infants whose mothers had a secondary education were at least 50% less likely to miss scheduled vaccinations compared to those whose mothers only had primary education. Strategies for childhood vaccinations should specifically target women with low formal education.

SUBMITTER: Nankabirwa V

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3019133 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Maternal education is associated with vaccination status of infants less than 6 months in Eastern Uganda: a cohort study.

Nankabirwa Victoria V Tylleskär Thorkild T Tumwine James K JK Sommerfelt Halvor H

BMC pediatrics 20101215

<h4>Background</h4>Despite provision of free childhood vaccinations, less than half of all Ugandan infants are fully vaccinated. This study compares women with some secondary schooling to those with only primary schooling with regard to their infants' vaccination status.<h4>Methods</h4>A community-based prospective cohort study conducted between January 2006 and May 2008 in which 696 pregnant women were followed up to 24 weeks post partum. Information was collected on the mothers' education and ...[more]

PMID: 21159193

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Project description:Preterm-low birth weight delivery is a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality in sub Saharan Africa and has been linked to poor periodontal health during pregnancy. This study investigated predisposing and enabling factors as Determinants of oral health indicators in pregnancy as well as the association between periodontal problems at 7 months gestational age and the infants' anthropometric status.A community -based prospective cohort study was conducted in Mbale, Eastern Uganda between 2006 and 2008. Upon recruitment, 713 pregnant women completed interviews and a full mouth oral clinical examination using the CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Need) and OHI-S (Simplified Oral Hygiene) indices. A total of 593 women were followed up with anthropometric assessments of their infants 3 weeks after delivery. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent determinants of periodontal problems and use of dental services during pregnancy. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to investigate the relationship between periodontal problems and the child's anthropometric status in terms of wasting, underweight and stunting.A total of 67.0% women presented with periodontal problems, 12.1% with poor oral hygiene, 29.8% with recent dental visit and 65.0% with periodontal symptoms. Of the infants, 2.0% were wasted, 6.9% were underweight and 10.0% were stunted. The odds ratio of having CPI?>?0 increased with increased maternal age and single marital status, and was lower in primiparous women and those who used mosquito bed nets. Mean wasting scores discriminated between mothers with CPI?=?0 and CPI?>?0 as well as between mothers with good and poor OHI-S scores.Socio-demographic factors and information about oral health were associated with oral health indicators in pregnant women. Second, the height- for- age status at 3 weeks postpartum was worse in infants of mothers having periodontal problems and poor oral hygiene during pregnancy. Efforts to prevent oral diseases during pregnancy should be part of the local state and national health policy agenda in Uganda.

Project description:Background: To ensure the safety of higher dose vitamin D supplementation in pregnant and lactating mothers, and urinary calcium/creatinine (UCa/Cr) ratios, serum calcium, and serum 25(OH)D concentrations are closely monitored. To achieve optimal maternal and infant vitamin D status, while avoiding hypercalcemia, safety measures assessing vitD supplementation must be reliable. Whether or not this holds true for infants before 7 months of age, remains unknown. Objective: Analyze the association among UCa/Cr ratio, serum calcium, intact serum parathyroid hormone (iPTH), 25(OH)D, and 25(OH)D/iPTH ratio in infants to determine whether evidence supports the use of these parameters as valuable measures of hypervitaminosis D or toxicity in infants. Methods: A series of analyses were performed on the cohort of infants who participated in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development lactation vitD supplementation trial to determine the association among UCa/Cr ratio, serum calcium, iPTH, 25(OH)D, and 25(OH)D/iPTH ratio. Results: Upon multivariate analysis, serum calcium was significantly associated with 25(OH)D (p = 0.0441), iPTH (p = 0.0017), and 25(OH)D/iPTH ratio (p = 0.0001). Infant UCa/Cr did not associate with 25(OH)D but did associate with iPTH (p = 0.0008) and 25(OH)D/iPTH ratio (p = 0.0001). The correlation between UCa/Cr and 25(OH)D/iPTH ratios was significantly stronger than the association between UCa/Cr ratio and iPTH. Serum calcium more strongly correlated with 25(OH)D/iPTH ratio versus 25(OH)D and iPTH. Conclusion: In this healthy cohort of infants 1 to 7 months old, UCa/Cr and serum calcium are more valid indicators of 25(OH)D/iPTH ratio than either 25(OH)D or iPTH alone. Moreover, serum calcium (and not UCa/Cr) is a valid indicator of infant total circulating 25(OH)D and should be measured if vitamin D toxicity is a concern. Clinical Trial Registration number: FDA IND Number: 66,346; ClinicalTrials.gov Number: NCT00412074.

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Project description:BackgroundMicronutrient powders (MNP) can reduce iron deficiency and anemia in children.ObjectiveWe evaluated the impact of an integrated infant and young child feeding (IYCF)-MNP intervention on anemia and micronutrient status among children aged 12-23 mo in Eastern Uganda. The intervention focused on MNP distribution, IYCF education, and caregiver behavior change.MethodsPopulation-based cross-sectional surveys representative of children aged 12-23 mo in Amuria (intervention) and Soroti (nonintervention) districts were collected in June/July 2015 at baseline (n = 1260) and 12 mo after implementation at endline in 2016 (n = 1490). From pooled capillary blood, we assessed hemoglobin, malaria, ferritin, retinol binding protein (RBP), C-reactive protein, and ɑ1-acid glycoprotein. Ferritin and RBP were regression-adjusted to correct for inflammation. Caregivers reported sociodemographic characteristics and MNP knowledge and practices. Linear regression estimated the difference-in-difference (DiD) effect of MNP on hemoglobin, ferritin, and RBP, and logistic regression estimated DiD effect of MNP on anemia (hemoglobin <11.0 g/dL), iron deficiency (ferritin <12.0 µg/L), iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin <11.0 g/dL and ferritin <12.0 µg/L), and vitamin A deficiency (VAD; RBP equivalent to <0.70 µmol/L retinol: <0.79 µmol/L at baseline and RBP <0.67 µmol/L at endline).ResultsIn Amuria, 96% of children had ever consumed MNP versus <1% of children in Soroti. Fifty-four percent of caregivers reported organoleptic changes when MNP were added to foods cooked with soda ash. Adjusting for age, sex, malaria, recent morbidity, and household-level factors, the intervention was associated with -0.83 g/dL lower hemoglobin (95% CI, -1.36, -0.30 g/dL; P = 0.003) but not with anemia, ferritin, iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, RBP, or VAD.ConclusionsDespite high program fidelity, the intervention was associated with reduced hemoglobin concentrations but not with change in anemia or micronutrient status among children aged 12-23 mo in Eastern Uganda. Contextual factors, such as cooking with soda ash, might explain the lack of effectiveness.

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Maternal education is associated with vaccination status of infants less than 6 months in Eastern Uganda: a cohort study.

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Maternal education is associated with vaccination status of infants less than 6 months in Eastern Uganda: a cohort study.

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