Dataset Information

Crystal structures of native and inactivated cis-3-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase: Implications for the catalytic and inactivation mechanisms.

ABSTRACT: The isomeric mixture of cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene constitutes the active component of a widely used nematocide known as Telone II®. The mixture is processed by various soil bacteria to acetaldehyde through the 1,3-dichloropropene catabolic pathway. The pathway relies on an isomer-specific hydrolytic dehalogenation reaction catalyzed by cis- or trans-3-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase, known respectively as cis-CaaD and CaaD. Previous sequence analysis and crystallographic studies of the native and covalently modified enzymes identified Pro-1, His-28, Arg-70, Arg-73, Tyr-103, and Glu-114 as key binding and catalytic residues in cis-CaaD. Mutagenesis of these residues confirmed their importance to the dehalogenation reaction. Crystal structures of the native enzyme (2.01Å resolution) and the enzyme covalently modified at the Pro-1 nitrogen by 2-hydroxypropanoate (1.65Å resolution) are reported here. Both structures are at a resolution higher than previously reported (2.75Å and 2.1Å resolution, respectively). The conformation of the covalent adduct is strikingly different from that previously reported due to its interaction with a 7-residue loop (Thr-32 to Leu-38). The participation of another active site residue, Arg-117, in catalysis and inactivation was also examined. The implications of the combined findings for the mechanisms of catalysis and inactivation are discussed.

SUBMITTER: Guo Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3025062 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Crystal structures of native and inactivated cis-3-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase: Implications for the catalytic and inactivation mechanisms.

Guo Youzhong Y Serrano Hector H Johnson William H WH Ernst Stephen S Hackert Marvin L ML Whitman Christian P CP

Bioorganic chemistry 20101020 1

The isomeric mixture of cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene constitutes the active component of a widely used nematocide known as Telone II®. The mixture is processed by various soil bacteria to acetaldehyde through the 1,3-dichloropropene catabolic pathway. The pathway relies on an isomer-specific hydrolytic dehalogenation reaction catalyzed by cis- or trans-3-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase, known respectively as cis-CaaD and CaaD. Previous sequence analysis and crystallographic studies of the ...[more]

PMID: 21074239

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Project description:Isomer-specific 3-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenases catalyze the hydrolytic dehalogenation of the cis- and trans-isomers of 3-chloroacrylate to yield malonate semialdehyde. These reactions represent key steps in the degradation of the nematocide, 1,3-dichloropropene. The kinetic mechanism of cis-3-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase (cis-CaaD) has now been examined using stopped-flow and chemical-quench techniques. Stopped-flow analysis of the reaction, following the fluorescence of an active site tryptophan, is consistent with a minimal three-step model involving substrate binding, chemistry, and product release. Chemical-quench experiments show burst kinetics, indicating that product release is at least partially rate limiting. Global fitting of all of the kinetic results by simulation is best accommodated by a four-step mechanism. In the final kinetic model, the enzyme binds substrate with an immediate isomerization to an alternate fluorescent form and chemistry occurs, followed by the ordered release of two products, with the release of the first product as the rate-limiting step. Bromide ion is a competitive inhibitor of the reaction indicating that it binds to the free enzyme rather than to the enzyme with one product still bound. This observation suggests that malonate semialdehyde is the first product released by the enzyme (rate limiting), followed by halide. A comparison of the unliganded cis-CaaD crystal structure with that of an inactivated cis-CaaD where the prolyl nitrogen of Pro-1 is covalently attached to (R)-2-hydroxypropanoate provides a possible explanation for the isomerization step. The structure of the covalently modified enzyme shows that a seven-residue loop comprised of residues 32-38 is closed down on the active site cavity where the backbone amides of two residues (Phe-37 and Leu-38) interact with the carboxylate group of the adduct. In the unliganded form, the same loop points away from the active site cavity. Similarly, substrate binding may cause this loop to close down on the active site and sequester the reaction from the external environment.

Project description:A 149-amino acid protein designated Cg10062 is encoded by a gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum. The physiological function of Cg10062 is unknown, and the gene encoding this protein has no obvious genomic context. Sequence analysis links Cg10062 to the cis-3-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase ( cis-CaaD) family, one of the five known families of the tautomerase superfamily. The characterized tautomerase superfamily members have two distinctive characteristics: a beta-alpha-beta structure motif and a catalytic amino-terminal proline. Pro-1 is present in the Cg10062 amino acid sequence along with His-28, Arg-70, Arg-73, Tyr-103, and Glu-114, all of which have been implicated as critical residues for cis-CaaD activity. The gene for Cg10062 has been cloned and the protein overproduced, purified, and subjected to kinetic and mechanistic characterization. Like cis-CaaD, Cg10062 functions as a hydratase: it converts 2-oxo-3-pentynoate to acetopyruvate and processes 3-bromopropiolate to a species that inactivates the enzyme by acylation of Pro-1. Kinetic and (1)H NMR spectroscopic studies also show that Cg10062 processes both isomers of 3-chloroacrylic acid at low levels with a clear preference for the cis isomer. Pro-1 is critical for the dehalogenase and hydratase activities because the P1A mutant no longer catalyzes either reaction. The presence of the six key catalytic residues and the hydratase activity coupled with the absence of an efficient cis-CaaD activity and the lack of isomer specificity implicate factors beyond this core set of residues in cis-CaaD catalysis and specificity. This work sets the stage for in-depth mechanistic and structural studies of Cg10062, which could identify the additional features necessary for a fully active and highly specific cis-CaaD. Such results will also shed light on how cis-CaaD emerged in the tautomerase superfamily because Cg10062 could be characteristic of an intermediate along the evolutionary pathway for this dehalogenase.

Project description:cis-3-Chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase (cis-CaaD) from Pseudomonas pavonaceae 170 and a homologue from Corynebacterium glutamicum designated Cg10062 are 34% identical in sequence (54% similar). The former catalyzes a key step in a bacterial catabolic pathway for the nematocide 1,3-dichloropropene, whereas the latter has no known biological activity. Although Cg10062 has the six active site residues (Pro-1, His-28, Arg-70, Arg-73, Tyr-103, and Glu-114) that are critical for cis-CaaD activity, it shows only a low level cis-CaaD activity and lacks the specificity of cis-CaaD: Cg10062 processes both isomers of 3-chloroacrylate with a preference for the cis isomer. The basis for these differences is unknown, but a comparison of the crystal structures of the enzymes covalently modified by an adduct resulting from their incubation with the same inhibitor offers a possible explanation. A six-residue active site loop in cis-CaaD shows a conformation strikingly different from that observed in Cg10062: the loop closes down on the active site of cis-CaaD, but not on that of Cg10062. To examine what this loop might contribute to cis-CaaD catalysis and specificity, the residues were changed individually to those found in Cg10062. Subsequent kinetic and mechanistic analysis suggests that the T34A mutant of cis-CaaD is more Cg10062-like. The mutant enzyme shows a 4-fold increase in Km (using cis-3-bromoacrylate), but not to the degree observed for Cg10062 (687-fold). The mutation also causes a 4-fold decrease in the burst rate (compared to that of wild-type cis-CaaD), whereas Cg10062 shows no burst rate. More telling is the reaction of the T34A mutant of cis-CaaD with the alternate substrate, 2,3-butadienoate. In the presence of NaBH4 and the allene, cis-CaaD is completely inactivated after one turnover because of the covalent modification of Pro-1. The same experiment with Cg10062 does not result in the covalent modification of Pro-1. The different outcomes are attributed to covalent catalysis (using Pro-1) followed by hydrolysis of the enamine or imine tautomer in cis-CaaD versus direct hydration of the allene to yield acetoacetate in the case of Cg10062. The T34A mutant shows partial inactivation, requiring five turnovers of the substrate per monomer, which suggests that the direct hydration route is favored 80% of the time. However, the mutation does not alter the stereochemistry at C-2 of [2-D]acetoacetate when the reaction is conducted in D2O. Both cis-CaaD and the T34 mutant generate (2R)-[2-D]acetoacetate, whereas Cg10062 generates mostly the 2S isomer. The combined observations are consistent with a role for the loop region in cis-CaaD specificity and catalysis, but the precise role remains to be determined.

Dataset Information

Crystal structures of native and inactivated cis-3-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase: Implications for the catalytic and inactivation mechanisms.

Publications

Crystal structures of native and inactivated cis-3-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase: Implications for the catalytic and inactivation mechanisms.

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