Dataset Information

Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor.

ABSTRACT: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is known to broadly regulate the cellular stress response. In contrast, it is unclear if the PACAP-PAC1 receptor pathway has a role in human psychological stress responses, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here we find, in heavily traumatized subjects, a sex-specific association of PACAP blood levels with fear physiology, PTSD diagnosis and symptoms in females. We examined 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the PACAP (encoded by ADCYAP1) and PAC1 (encoded by ADCYAP1R1) genes, demonstrating a sex-specific association with PTSD. A single SNP in a putative oestrogen response element within ADCYAP1R1, rs2267735, predicts PTSD diagnosis and symptoms in females only. This SNP also associates with fear discrimination and with ADCYAP1R1 messenger RNA expression in human brain. Methylation of ADCYAP1R1 in peripheral blood is also associated with PTSD. Complementing these human data, ADCYAP1R1 mRNA is induced with fear conditioning or oestrogen replacement in rodent models. These data suggest that perturbations in the PACAP-PAC1 pathway are involved in abnormal stress responses underlying PTSD. These sex-specific effects may occur via oestrogen regulation of ADCYAP1R1. PACAP levels and ADCYAP1R1 SNPs may serve as useful biomarkers to further our mechanistic understanding of PTSD.

SUBMITTER: Ressler KJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3046811 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor.

Ressler Kerry J KJ Mercer Kristina B KB Bradley Bekh B Jovanovic Tanja T Mahan Amy A Kerley Kimberly K Norrholm Seth D SD Kilaru Varun V Smith Alicia K AK Myers Amanda J AJ Ramirez Manuel M Engel Anzhelika A Hammack Sayamwong E SE Toufexis Donna D Braas Karen M KM Binder Elisabeth B EB May Victor V

Nature 20110201 7335

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is known to broadly regulate the cellular stress response. In contrast, it is unclear if the PACAP-PAC1 receptor pathway has a role in human psychological stress responses, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here we find, in heavily traumatized subjects, a sex-specific association of PACAP blood levels with fear physiology, PTSD diagnosis and symptoms in females. We examined 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning ...[more]

PMID: 21350482

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Project description:The biological underpinnings of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have not been fully elucidated. Previous work suggests that alterations in the immune system are characteristic of the disorder. Identifying the biological mechanisms by which such alterations occur could provide fundamental insights into the etiology and treatment of PTSD. Here we identify specific epigenetic profiles underlying immune system changes associated with PTSD. Using blood samples (n=100) obtained from an ongoing, prospective epidemiologic study in Detroit, the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study (DNHS), we applied methylation microarrays to assay CpG sites from over 14,000 genes among 23 PTSD-affected and 77 PTSD-unaffected individuals. We show that immune system functions are significantly overrepresented among the annotations associated with genes uniquely unmethylated among those with PTSD. We further demonstrate that genes whose methylation levels are significantly and negatively correlated with traumatic burden show a similar strong signal of immune function among the PTSD-affected. The observed epigenetic variability in immune function by PTSD is corroborated using an independent biological marker of immune response to infection, cytomegalovirus—a typically latent herpesvirus whose activity was significantly higher among those with PTSD. These results provide the first report of peripheral epigenomic and CMV profiles associated with mental illness and suggest a new biological model of PTSD etiology in which an externally experienced traumatic event induces downstream alterations in immune function by reducing methylation levels of immune-related genes. Bisulfite conversion of whole blood-derived DNA samples was performed using the EZ-96 DNA methylation kit from Zymo Research. One microgram (μg) of each sample (including controls) was subjected to bisulfite conversion following manufacturer’s recommended protocol. 100 samples were analyzed of which 23 are PTSD affected and 77 are PTSD-unaffected. There were four technical replicates comprised of duplicate samples of two randomly selected individuals from the n=100 and duplicate samples of the control human methylated and unmethylated DNA.

Dataset Information

Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor.

Publications

Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor.

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