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Effect sizes in experimental pain produced by gender, genetic variants and sensitization procedures.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Various effects on pain have been reported with respect to their statistical significance, but a standardized measure of effect size has been rarely added. Such a measure would ease comparison of the magnitude of the effects across studies, for example the effect of gender on heat pain with the effect of a genetic variant on pressure pain. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Effect sizes on pain thresholds to stimuli consisting of heat, cold, blunt pressure, punctuate pressure and electrical current, administered to 125 subjects, were analyzed for 29 common variants in eight human genes reportedly modulating pain, gender and sensitization procedures using capsaicin or menthol. The genotype explained 0-5.9% of the total interindividual variance in pain thresholds to various stimuli and produced mainly small effects (Cohen's d 0-1.8). The largest effect had the TRPA1 rs13255063T/rs11988795G haplotype explaining >5% of the variance in electrical pain thresholds and conferring lower pain sensitivity to homozygous carriers. Gender produced larger effect sizes than most variant alleles (1-14.8% explained variance, Cohen's d 0.2-0.8), with higher pain sensitivity in women than in men. Sensitization by capsaicin or menthol explained up to 63% of the total variance (4.7-62.8%) and produced largest effects according to Cohen's d (0.4-2.6), especially heat sensitization by capsaicin (Cohen's d?=?2.6). CONCLUSIONS: Sensitization, gender and genetic variants produce effects on pain in the mentioned order of effect sizes. The present report may provide a basis for comparative discussions of factors influencing pain.

SUBMITTER: Doehring A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3053372 | biostudies-literature | 2011

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effect sizes in experimental pain produced by gender, genetic variants and sensitization procedures.

Doehring Alexandra A Küsener Nele N Flühr Karin K Neddermeyer Till J TJ Schneider Gaby G Lötsch Jörn J

PloS one 20110310 3

<h4>Background</h4>Various effects on pain have been reported with respect to their statistical significance, but a standardized measure of effect size has been rarely added. Such a measure would ease comparison of the magnitude of the effects across studies, for example the effect of gender on heat pain with the effect of a genetic variant on pressure pain.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Effect sizes on pain thresholds to stimuli consisting of heat, cold, blunt pressure, punctuate pressu ...[more]

PMID: 21423693

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Project description:BackgroundListening to preferred music can provide distraction and reduce the feeling of pain and negative emotions associated with an uncomfortable experience. Several studies have examined how music can reduce pain and anxiety related to urological procedures that are not typically performed under anesthesia, such as cystoscopy, cystoscopy with stent pull, and urodynamic studies. To our knowledge, no studies have been done to examine the effect of listening to preferred music generalized across a variety of these procedures. Therefore, we looked to combine multiple factors from prior studies to determine if listening to music of a patient's choice would decrease pain during various outpatient clinic urological procedures, and to examine differences between men and women.MethodsThis was a single investigator series randomized controlled trial with 91 subjects in an academic outpatient urology clinic. After applying exclusion criteria, eligible patients were randomized to a music group or non-music group via coin flip. Fifty-three patients were in the music group (16 men, 37 women) and 38 patients were in the non-music group (16 men, 22 women). Subjects in the music group selected a song to play during the procedure, which was stopped at the conclusion of the procedure. Pre- and post-procedure Visual Analog Pain Scale were completed by the subjects of each group and subsequently analyzed. Where appropriate either Pearson's Chi-Square or Independent-Sample t-test were used to compare the groups as well as randomized-repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsFor men, pain scores worsened in both groups, however the music group experienced a statistically significant increase in pain (mean change =1.0, P=0.05), while the non-music group only clinically worsened (mean change =0.38, P=0.459). For women, the music group noticed an improvement in the pain score (mean change =-0.14, P=0.590), while the non-music group significantly worsened (mean change =1.14, P=0.008).ConclusionsWomen who listened to music of their choosing experienced significant improvement in overall perceived pain compared to women who did not listen to music. Women may benefit from music as a novel tool to alleviate pain during outpatient clinic urological procedures.

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Effect sizes in experimental pain produced by gender, genetic variants and sensitization procedures.

Publications

Effect sizes in experimental pain produced by gender, genetic variants and sensitization procedures.

Similar Datasets

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