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Beyond reduction of atherosclerosis: PON2 provides apoptosis resistance and stabilizes tumor cells.

ABSTRACT: Major contributors to atherosclerosis are oxidative damage and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis; both of which can be diminished by the anti-oxidative protein paraoxonase-2 (PON2). ER stress is also relevant to cancer and associated with anti-cancer treatment resistance. Hence, we addressed, for the first time, whether PON2 contributes to tumorigenesis and apoptotic escape. Intriguingly, we found that several human tumors upregulated PON2 and such overexpression provided resistance to different chemotherapeutics (imatinib, doxorubicine, staurosporine, or actinomycin) in cell culture models. This was reversed after PON2 knock-down. Remarkably, just deficiency of PON2 caused apoptosis of selective tumor cells per se, demonstrating a previously unanticipated oncogenic function. We found a dual mechanistic role. During ER stress, high PON2 levels lowered redox-triggered induction of pro-apoptotic CHOP particularly via the JNK pathway, which prevented mitochondrial cell death signaling. Apart from CHOP, PON2 also diminished intrinsic apoptosis as it prevented mitochondrial superoxide formation, cardiolipin peroxidation, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. Ligand-stimulated apoptosis by TRAIL or TNF? remained unchanged. Finally, PON2 knock-down caused vast reactive oxygen species formation and stimulated JNK-triggered CHOP expression, but inhibition of JNK signaling did not prevent cell death, demonstrating the pleiotropic, dominating anti-oxidative effect of PON2. Therefore, targeting redox balance is powerful to induce selective tumor cell death and proposes PON2 as new putative anti-tumor candidate.

SUBMITTER: Witte I

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3077287 | biostudies-literature | 2011

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Beyond reduction of atherosclerosis: PON2 provides apoptosis resistance and stabilizes tumor cells.

Witte I I Altenhöfer S S Wilgenbus P P Amort J J Clement A M AM Pautz A A Li H H Förstermann U U Horke S S

Cell death & disease 20110113

Major contributors to atherosclerosis are oxidative damage and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis; both of which can be diminished by the anti-oxidative protein paraoxonase-2 (PON2). ER stress is also relevant to cancer and associated with anti-cancer treatment resistance. Hence, we addressed, for the first time, whether PON2 contributes to tumorigenesis and apoptotic escape. Intriguingly, we found that several human tumors upregulated PON2 and such overexpression provided resis ...[more]

PMID: 21368884

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Project description:Cellular mechanisms that mediate steatohepatitis, an increasingly prevalent condition in the Western world for which no therapies are available, are poorly understood. Despite the fact that its synthetic agonists induce fatty liver, the liver X receptor (LXR) transcription factor remains a target of interest because of its anti-atherogenic, cholesterol removal, and anti-inflammatory activities. Here we show that tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein 39B (Ttc39b, C9orf52) (T39), a high-density lipoprotein gene discovered in human genome-wide association studies, promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of LXR. Chow-fed mice lacking T39 (T39(-/-)) display increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels associated with increased enterocyte ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (Abca1) expression and increased LXR protein without change in LXR messenger RNA. When challenged with a high fat/high cholesterol/bile salt diet, T39(-/-) mice or mice with hepatocyte-specific T39 deficiency show increased hepatic LXR protein and target gene expression, and unexpectedly protection from steatohepatitis and death. Mice fed a Western-type diet and lacking low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr(-/-)T39(-/-)) show decreased fatty liver, increased high-density lipoprotein, decreased low-density lipoprotein, and reduced atherosclerosis. In addition to increasing hepatic Abcg5/8 expression and limiting dietary cholesterol absorption, T39 deficiency inhibits hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1, ADD1) processing. This is explained by an increase in microsomal phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, linked to an LXRα-dependent increase in expression of enzymes mediating phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into phospholipids. The preservation of endogenous LXR protein activates a beneficial profile of gene expression that promotes cholesterol removal and inhibits lipogenesis. T39 inhibition could be an effective strategy for reducing both steatohepatitis and atherosclerosis.

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Beyond reduction of atherosclerosis: PON2 provides apoptosis resistance and stabilizes tumor cells.

Publications

Beyond reduction of atherosclerosis: PON2 provides apoptosis resistance and stabilizes tumor cells.

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