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Neural segregation of objective and contextual aspects of fairness.

ABSTRACT: Perception of fairness can influence outcomes in human exchange. However, an inherent subjectivity in attribution renders it difficult to manipulate fairness experimentally. Here using a modified ultimatum game, within a varying social context, we induced a bias in human subjects' acceptance of objectively identical offers. To explain this fairness-related behavior, we use a computational model to specify metrics for the objective and contextual aspects of fairness, testing for correlations between these model parameters and brain activity determined using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We show that objective social inequality, as defined by our model, is tracked in posterior insula cortex. Crucially, this inequality is integrated with social context in posterior and mid-insula, consistent with construction of a fairness motivation that flexibly adapted to the social environment. We suggest that the dual importance of objective and contextual aspects to fairness we highlight might explain seemingly inconsistent societal phenomena, including public attitudes to income disparities.

SUBMITTER: Wright ND

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3109551 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Neural segregation of objective and contextual aspects of fairness.

Wright Nicholas D ND Symmonds Mkael M Fleming Stephen M SM Dolan Raymond J RJ

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 20110401 14

Perception of fairness can influence outcomes in human exchange. However, an inherent subjectivity in attribution renders it difficult to manipulate fairness experimentally. Here using a modified ultimatum game, within a varying social context, we induced a bias in human subjects' acceptance of objectively identical offers. To explain this fairness-related behavior, we use a computational model to specify metrics for the objective and contextual aspects of fairness, testing for correlations betw ...[more]

PMID: 21471359

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Project description:Introduction: The aim of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a standardized and fair assessment of clinical skills. Observing second clinical year medical students during a summative OSCE assessing a General Practice clerkship, we noticed that information exchange with peers led to a progressively faster and overly focused management of simulations. Therefore, we established a Multiple Scenario-OSCE (MS-OSCE) where all students had to manage the same chief complaint at a station but it's underlying scenarios being randomly changed during students' rotation through their parcours. We wanted to ensure they fully explore differential diagnosis instead of managing their task influenced by shared information. We wanted to assess if a MS-OSCE violates the assumption of objectivity and fairness given that students are not tested with the same scenarios. Methods: We developed and piloted five OSCE stations (chest pain, abdominal pain, back pain, fatigue and acute cough) with two or three different underlying scenarios each. At each station these scenarios randomly changed from student to student. Performance was assessed with a checklist and global rating. The effect of scenarios and raters on students' grades was assessed calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient with a fixed effect two level linear model. Results: A total of 169 students and 23 raters participated in the MS-OSCE. The internal consistency over all stations was 0.65 by Cronbach's alpha. The difference of the mean grades between the scenarios of a given chief complaint ranged from 0.03 to 0.4 on a 1 to 5 grading scale. The effect of scenarios on the variance of the final grades at each station ranged from 4% to 9% and of raters from 20% to 50% when adjusted for students' skills. Conclusions: The effect of different scenarios on the grades was relevant but small compared to the effect of raters on grades. Improving rater training is more important to ensure objectivity and fairness of MS-OSCE than providing the same scenario to all students.

Dataset Information

Neural segregation of objective and contextual aspects of fairness.

Publications

Neural segregation of objective and contextual aspects of fairness.

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