Molecular identification of Trichinella papuae from a Thai patient with imported trichinellosis.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Intapan PM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3110362 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Molecular identification of Trichinella papuae from a Thai patient with imported trichinellosis.
Intapan Pewpan M PM Chotmongkol Verajit V Tantrawatpan Chairat C Sanpool Oranuch O Morakote Nimit N Maleewong Wanchai W
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 20110601 6
Previously, we reported the presence of imported trichinellosis in a Thai worker returning from Malaysia, who presented with progressive generalized muscle hypertrophy and weakness after eating wild boar meat. This work analyzed a partial small subunit of a mitochondrial ribosomal RNA gene of Trichinella larvae isolated from the patient. The results showed complete identity with a mitochondrial RNA gene of Trichinella papuae (GenBank accession no. EF517130). This is the first report of imported ...[more]
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Project description:BackgroundNudix hydrolases (Nd) is a widespread superfamily, which is found in all classes of organism, hydrolyse a wide range of organic pyrophosphates and has a 'housecleaning' function. The previous study showed that Trichinella spiralis Nd (TsNd) bound to intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and the vaccination of mice with T7 phage-displayed TsNd polypeptides produced protective immunity. The aim of this study was to clone, express and identify the full-length TsNd and to investigate its immune protection against T. spiralis infection.MethodsThe full-length cDNA sequence of TsNd gene encoding a 46 kDa protein from T. spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL) was cloned and identified. The antigenicity of rTsNd was analyzed by Western blot. Transcription and expression of TsNd at T. spiralis different stages were observed by RT-PCR and IFT. The levels of the specific total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies to rTsNd were determined by ELISA. The immune protection of rTsNd against T. spiralis infection was investigated.ResultsSequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that TsNd had a nudix motif located at 226-244aa, which had high homology and the closest evolutionary status with T. pseudospiralis. The rTsNd was obtained after expression and purification. Western blot analysis showed that anti-rTsNd serum recognized the native TsNd protein in crude antigens of muscle larvae (ML), IIL, adult worms (AW) and newborn larvae (NBL), and ES antigens of ML. Transcription and expression of TsNd gene was observed in all developmental stages of T. spiralis (ML, IIL, AW and NBL), with high level expression in IIL. An immunolocalization analysis identified TsNd in the cuticle, stichocytes and reproductive organs of the parasite. Following immunization, anti-rTsNd IgG levels were increased, and the levels of IgG1 were more significantly higher than that of IgG2a. After a challenge infection with T. spiralis, mice immunized with the rTsNd displayed a 57.7% reduction in adult worms and a 56.9% reduction in muscle larval burden.ConclusionsTsNd induced a partial protective immunity in mice and could be considered as a novel candidate vaccine antigen against trichinellosis.
| S-EPMC4287505 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In 2006, the Thailand Ministry of Public Health studied 28 patients from a village in northern Thailand. All had myalgia, edema, fever, and gastrointestinal symptoms; most had eaten wild boar. A muscle biopsy specimen from a patient showed nonencapsulated larvae with a cytochrome oxidase I gene sequence of Trichinella papuae.
| S-EPMC2634638 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the ingestion of the Trichinella nematode. With a worldwide incidence of approximately 10,000 cases per year, Trichinella spiralis is responsible for most human infections. There are no specific signs or symptoms of this parasitic infection. Muscle biopsy is the gold diagnostic standard for trichinellosis, but the technique is invasive and unable to detect the early stage of infection. Although immunodiagnostics are also available, antibody detection usually occurs after 3 weeks and prolonged up to 19 years after the acute phase. Therefore, additional diagnostic biomarkers must be identified to improve trichinellosis diagnosis. This study aimed to measure concentration changes in mouse serum proteins prior to T. spiralis infection and 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection, and to identify T. spiralis circulating proteins and antigens using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Mouse muscle-related proteins including inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2, a protein involved in the response to muscle tissue damage, were up-regulated in mouse sera during the T. spiralis larvae invasion. Additionally, 33 circulatory parasite proteins were identified in infected mouse sera. Notably, T. spiralis long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 could be detected in the early stage of infection and peroxidasin-like protein was identified 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection. Seventeen T. spiralis circulating antigens were detected in mouse immune complexes, with PX domain protein being found 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection. Because peroxidasin-like protein and PX domain protein were detected at all post-infection time points, sequence alignments of these proteins were performed, which showed they are conserved among Trichinella spp. and have less similarity to the human and murine sequences. Integrative analysis of T. spiralis biomarkers throughout the course of infection may reveal additional diagnostic targets to improve early diagnosis of trichinellosis.
| S-EPMC8912135 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Trichinella spiralis muscle larval (ML) excretion/secretion (ES) antigen is the most widely used diagnostic antigen of trichinellosis, but preparation of ES antigen requires collecting worms from infected animals, and detection of specific IgG against ML ES antigen may result in a false negative at the early stage of infection. The aim of the study was to characterize T. spiralis elastase-1 (TsEla) and to evaluate its potential as diagnostic antigen for trichinellosis. METHODS:The complete cDNA sequences of the TsEla gene were cloned and expressed, and recombinant (rTsEla) was purified. TsEla transcription and expression in different T. spiralis life-cycle stages was investigated by qPCR and western blotting, and its location in the nematodes was evaluated using an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The antigenicity of rTsEla was investigated by western blotting analysis and ELISA. Anti-Trichinella IgG, IgM and IgE of experimentally infected mice and specific IgG antibodies of trichinellosis patients were assayed by rTsEla-ELISA and ES-ELISA. RESULTS:The results of the qPCR and western blotting showed that TsEla was expressed in various T. spiralis life stages. Natural TsEla was detected in the soluble proteins and ES proteins of different life stages. IFA revealed that TsEla was identified in the whole nematodes of various stages, especially in the cuticle, stichosome and genital primordium of the parasite. Serum anti-Trichinella IgM, IgG and IgE in infected mice was first detected by rTsEla-ELISA at 6, 10 and 12 days post-infection (dpi), and reached 100% at 8, 14 and 14 dpi, respectively. When rTsEla-ELISA and ES-ELISA were used to detect anti-Trichinella IgG in sera of trichinellosis patients, the sensitivity was 97.37% (37/38) and 89.74% (34/38) (P?>?0.05), and the specificity was 99.10% (220/222) and 98.20% (218/222), respectively (P?>?0.05). The rTsEla cross-reacted with only one serum sample out of 20 samples from paragonimiasis patients and 7 samples from clonorchiasis patients. CONCLUSIONS:rTsEla is valuable to early diagnosis of trichinellosis and could be an alternative diagnostic antigen to the ML ES antigens.
| S-EPMC7041205 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Effective performance of digestion testing methods for Trichinella, and their use for the detection of infected animals and the prevention of human trichinellosis require system-wide incorporation of appropriate quality assurance (QA) practices. The recommendations of the International Commission on Trichinellosis (ICT) aim to facilitate reliable test results when laboratories operate within a quality management system (QMS) which includes: 1) a quality manual (or similar documentation of the QMS); 2) a validated test method with identified critical control points; 3) a training program; 4) procedures utilizing proficiency testing and other methods to confirm technical capability of analysts; 5) equipment calibration and maintenance; 6) standard operating procedures, related documentation and reporting; 7) procedures to enable continuous monitoring and improvements; and 8) regular internal and third party audits. The quality manual or similar documentation describes the QMS within a testing laboratory, and lists the QA policies and good laboratory practices. Quality assurance goals contained in such documentation are the foundation of an effective QA program and must be explicit, measurable, and expressed in terms of performance criteria for the test method based on purpose for testing. The digestion method is capable of consistently detecting Trichinella larvae in meat at a level of sensitivity that is recognized to be effective for use in controlling animal infection and preventing human disease. However, consistent performance of the assay is assured only when parameters of the test method have been defined, scientifically validated as fit for purpose, and used within an effective QMS. The essential components of a digestion assay, specifically the critical control points and minimum standards for test performance are described. Reliable proficiency samples and their appropriate use in a quality system are key factors for certifying and maintaining an effective testing laboratory, including qualifying, re-qualifying and disqualifying of analysts as appropriate. Thus recommendations are included for the preparation and use of proficiency samples in a Trichinella digestion testing laboratory. The minimum training requirements for analysts performing a quality assured digestion assay, as well as suggested requirements for the content of a training manual, are also outlined. Finally, these ICT recommendations include essential components and minimum standards for maintaining and achieving certification and maintenance of a laboratory performing digestion testing for Trichinella. The certification program for the laboratory, including qualifying analysts, may be administered by a National Reference Laboratory or an authorized third party certifying body, under the auspices of the appropriate competent authority.
| S-EPMC7033998 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In September 2017, a severe trichinellosis outbreak occurred in Cambodia after persons consumed raw wild pig meat; 33 persons were infected and 8 died. We collected and analyzed the medical records for 25 patients. Clinical signs and symptoms included myalgia, facial or peripheral edema, asthenia, and fever. We observed increased levels of creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase-, as well as eosinophilia. Histopathologic examination of muscle biopsy specimens showed nonencapsulated Trichinella larvae. A Trichinella excretory/secretory antigen ELISA identified Trichinella IgM and IgG. Biopsy samples were digested and larvae were isolated and counted. PCR for the 5S rDNA intergenic spacer region and a multiplex PCR, followed by sequencing identified the parasite as Trichinella papuae. This species was identified in Papua New Guinea during 1999 and in several outbreaks in humans in Thailand. Thus, we identified T. papuae nematodes in humans in Cambodia.
| S-EPMC7392432 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: Trichinella spiralis is an intracellular parasite that can cause a serious threat to human health by causing trichinellosis. The aminopeptidase (AP) was found in the proteins produced by T. spiralis infective larvae after in vitro co-culture with intestinal epithelial cells, but its characteristics and function are unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify the T. spiralis aminopeptidase (TsAP) and to investigate its potential as a vaccine candidate antigen against T. spiralis infection. METHODS: T. spiralis aminopeptidase (TsAP) gene encoding a 54.7 kDa protein was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified recombinant TsAP protein was used to immunize BALB/c mice. The antibodies obtained were used to determine where TsAP was localized in the parasite. Transcription and expression of TsAP in different developmental stages of T. spiralis were observed by RT-PCR and Immunofluorescence test (IFT). The immune protection of recombinant TsAP protein against T. spiralis infection in BALB/c mice was evaluated. RESULTS: Anti-TsAP antibodies recognized the native protein migrating at 54.7 kDa by Western blotting of the crude antigens from muscle larvae. Transcription and expression of TsAP gene was observed in different developmental stages (adult worms, newborn larvae, pre-encapsulated larvae and muscle larvae). TsAP appears to be a cytoplasmic protein located primarily at the cuticle and internal organs of this parasite. After a challenge infection with T. spiralis infective larvae, mice immunized with the recombinant TsAP protein displayed a 38.1% reduction in adult worm burden and 59.1% reduction in muscle larval burden. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, T. spiralis aminopeptidase (TsAP) was first characterized and will help reveal its potential biological functions. TsAP is a novel potential vaccine candidate antigen that merits further investigation.
| S-EPMC3765106 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In order to identify Trichinella at the species level, the commonly used test is a multiplex PCR, allowing the discrimination of nine out of the twelve taxa described so far. This test is based on five primer pairs amplifying fragments of the large subunit rDNA. Each taxon produces one or two bands of different sizes, resulting in a specific band pattern. By multiplex PCR, Trichinella?murrelli shows two bands of 127?bp and 316?bp. However, a third band of 256?bp can occur. This band can lead to misidentification, since it is similar to the 253?bp band displayed by Trichinella?britovi. BLAST analysis confirmed that the 256?bp band is from T. murrelli. The aim of this short note is to inform analysts that T.?murrelli larvae may display either two- or three-band patterns.
| S-EPMC5721686 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundWe have previously reported that a 31 kDa protein was screened from the excretory-secretory (ES) proteins of Tichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) by immunoproteomics using early infection sera, and the gene encoding a 31 kDa protein from T. spiralis was cloned and expressed in an E. coli expression system. In this study, the recombinant 31 kDa antigens were used for detection of anti-Trichinella antibodies in serum of experimentally infected mice by ELISA.MethodsAnti-Trichinella IgG antibodies in sera of mice infected with Trichinella were assayed by ELISA with recombinant 31 kDa antigens, and its sensitivity and specificity were compared with ELISA with ES antigen.ResultsThe sensitivity and specificity of ELISA with recombinant antigens was 96.67% (29/30) and 96.87% (62/64), compared with 100% (30/30) and 98.44% (63/64) of ELISA with ES antigens was (P>0.05). In heavily, moderately and lightly infected mice (500, 300 and 100 larvae/mouse), anti-Trichinella antibodies were firstly detected by ELISA with recombinant antigens at 8, 12 and 14 dpi, respectively; then increased rapidly with a detection rate of 100% respectively at 28, 22 and 30 dpi. While the antibodies were firstly detected by ELISA with ES antigens at 10, 8 and 10 dpi, respectively, the antibody positive rate reached 100% at 14, 12 and 22 dpi, respectively.ConclusionThe recombinant 31 kDa antigens of T. spirali had a good sensitivity and specificity for detecting anti-Trichinella antibodies and might be the potential diagnostic antigen for trichinellosis.
| S-EPMC4522298 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The most commonly used serodiagnostic antigens for trichinellosis are the excretory-secretory (ES) antigens from T. spiralis muscle larvae (ML), but the specific antibodies against the ML ES antigens are usually negative during early stage of Trichinella infection. The recent studies demonstrated that T. spiralis adult worm (AW) antigens were recognized by mouse or swine infection sera on Western blot as early as 7-15 days post-infection (dpi), the AW antigens might contain the early diagnostic markers for trichinellosis. The purpose of this study was to screen early diagnostic antigens in T. spiralis AW ES proteins recognized by sera of early patients with trichinellosis. T. spiralis AW were collected at 72 h post-infection (hpi), and their ES antigens were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Our results showed that 5 protein bands (55, 48-50, 45, 44, and 36 kDa) were recognized by sera of early patients with trichinellosis collected at 19 dpi, and were subjected to shotgun LC-MS/MS and bioinformatics analyses. A total of 185 proteins were identified from T. spiralis protein database, of which 116 (67.2%) proteins had molecular weights of 30∼60 kDa, and 125 (67.6%) proteins with pI 4-7. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the identified proteins have a wide diversity of biological functions (binding of nucleotides, proteins, ions, carbohydrates, and lipids; hydrolase, transferase, and oxidoreductase, etc.). Several enzymes (e.g., adult-specific DNase II, serine protease and serine protease inhibitor) could be the invasion-related proteins and early diagnostic markers for trichinellosis. Moreover, recombinant T. spiralis serine protease (rTsSP-ZH68) was expressed in E. coli and its antigenicity was analyzed by Western blot with the early infection sera. The rTsSP-ZH68 was recognized by sera of infected mice at 8-10 dpi and sera of early patients with trichinellosis at 19 dpi. T. spiralis AW proteins identified in this study, especially serine protease, are the promising early diagnostic antigens and vaccine candidates for trichinellosis.
| S-EPMC5449722 | biostudies-literature