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Synthesis of bi-substrate state mimics of dihydropteroate synthase as potential inhibitors and molecular probes.

ABSTRACT: The increasing emergence of resistant bacteria drives us to design and develop new antimicrobial agents. Pursuant to that goal, a new targeting approach of the dihydropteroate synthase enzyme, which serves as the site of action for the sulfonamide class of antimicrobial agents, is being explored. Using structural information, a new class of transition state mimics has been designed and synthesized that have the capacity to bind to the pterin, phosphate and para-amino binding sites. The design, synthesis and evaluation of these compounds as inhibitors of Bacillusanthracis dihydropteroate synthase is described herein. Outcomes from this work have identified the first trivalent inhibitors of dihydropteroate synthase whose activity displayed slow binding inhibition. The most active compounds in this series contained an oxidized pterin ring. The binding of these inhibitors was modeled into the dihydropteroate synthase active site and demonstrated a good correlation with the observed bioassay data, as well as provided important insight for the future design of higher affinity transition state mimics.

SUBMITTER: Qi J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3147184 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Synthesis of bi-substrate state mimics of dihydropteroate synthase as potential inhibitors and molecular probes.

Qi Jianjun J Virga Kristopher G KG Das Sourav S Zhao Ying Y Yun Mi-Kyung MK White Stephen W SW Lee Richard E RE

Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 20101215 3

The increasing emergence of resistant bacteria drives us to design and develop new antimicrobial agents. Pursuant to that goal, a new targeting approach of the dihydropteroate synthase enzyme, which serves as the site of action for the sulfonamide class of antimicrobial agents, is being explored. Using structural information, a new class of transition state mimics has been designed and synthesized that have the capacity to bind to the pterin, phosphate and para-amino binding sites. The design, s ...[more]

PMID: 21216602

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Project description:Two Mycobacterium leprae genes, folP1 and folP2, encoding putative dihydropteroate synthases (DHPS), were studied for enzymatic activity and for the presence of mutations associated with dapsone resistance. Each gene was cloned and expressed in a folP knockout mutant of Escherichia coli (C600DeltafolP::Km(r)). Expression of M. leprae folP1 in C600DeltafolP::Km(r) conferred growth on a folate-deficient medium, and bacterial lysates exhibited DHPS activity. This recombinant displayed a 256-fold-greater sensitivity to dapsone (measured by the MIC) than wild-type E. coli C600, and 50-fold less dapsone was required to block (expressed as the 50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)]) the DHPS activity of this recombinant. When the folP1 genes of several dapsone-resistant M. leprae clinical isolates were sequenced, two missense mutations were identified. One mutation occurred at codon 53, substituting an isoleucine for a threonine residue (T53I) in the DHPS-1, and a second mutation occurred in codon 55, substituting an arginine for a proline residue (P55R). Transformation of the C600DeltafolP::Km(r) knockout with plasmids carrying either the T53I or the P55R mutant allele did not substantially alter the DHPS activity compared to levels produced by recombinants containing wild-type M. leprae folP1. However, both mutations increased dapsone resistance, with P55R having the greatest affect on dapsone resistance by increasing the MIC 64-fold and the IC(50) 68-fold. These results prove that the folP1 of M. leprae encodes a functional DHPS and that mutations within this gene are associated with the development of dapsone resistance in clinical isolates of M. leprae. Transformants created with M. leprae folP2 did not confer growth on the C600DeltafolP::Km(r) knockout strain, and DNA sequences of folP2 from dapsone-susceptible and -resistant M. leprae strains were identical, indicating that this gene does not encode a functional DHPS and is not involved in dapsone resistance in M. leprae.

Project description:BackgroundThe enzyme dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) participates in the de novo synthesis of folate cofactors by catalyzing the formation of 7,8-dihydropteroate from condensation of p-aminobenzoic acid with 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteroate pyrophosphate. DHPS is absent from humans, who acquire folates from diet, and has been validated as an antimicrobial therapeutic target by chemical and genetic means. The bacterium Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic pathogen and an infective agent of cystic fibrosis patients. The organism is highly resistant to antibiotics and there is a recognized need for the identification of new drugs against Burkholderia and related Gram-negative pathogens. Our characterization of the DHPS active site and interactions with the enzyme product are designed to underpin early stage drug discovery.ResultsAn efficient recombinant protein expression system for DHPS from B. cenocepacia (BcDHPS) was prepared, the dimeric enzyme purified in high yield and crystallized. The structure of the apo-enzyme and the complex with the product 7,8-dihydropteroate have been determined to 2.35 Å and 1.95 Å resolution respectively in distinct orthorhombic crystal forms. The latter represents the first crystal structure of the DHPS-pterin product complex, reveals key interactions involved in ligand binding, and reinforces data generated by other structural studies. Comparisons with orthologues identify plasticity near the substrate-binding pocket and in particular a range of loop conformations that contribute to the architecture of the DHPS active site. These structural data provide a foundation for hit discovery. An intriguing observation, an artifact of the analysis, that of a potential sulfenamide bond within the ligand complex structure is mentioned.ConclusionStructural similarities between BcDHPS and orthologues from other Gram-negative species are evident as expected on the basis of a high level of sequence identity. The presence of 7,8-dihydropteroate in the binding site provides details about ligand recognition by the enzyme and the different states of the enzyme allow us to visualize distinct conformational states of loops adjacent to the active site. Improved drugs to combat infections by Burkholderia sp. and related Gram-negative bacteria are sought and our study now provides templates to assist that process and allow us to discuss new ways of inhibiting DHPS.

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Synthesis of bi-substrate state mimics of dihydropteroate synthase as potential inhibitors and molecular probes.

Publications

Synthesis of bi-substrate state mimics of dihydropteroate synthase as potential inhibitors and molecular probes.

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