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The genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals.


ABSTRACT: The evolution of the amniotic egg was one of the great evolutionary innovations in the history of life, freeing vertebrates from an obligatory connection to water and thus permitting the conquest of terrestrial environments. Among amniotes, genome sequences are available for mammals and birds, but not for non-avian reptiles. Here we report the genome sequence of the North American green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis. We find that A. carolinensis microchromosomes are highly syntenic with chicken microchromosomes, yet do not exhibit the high GC and low repeat content that are characteristic of avian microchromosomes. Also, A. carolinensis mobile elements are very young and diverse-more so than in any other sequenced amniote genome. The GC content of this lizard genome is also unusual in its homogeneity, unlike the regionally variable GC content found in mammals and birds. We describe and assign sequence to the previously unknown A. carolinensis X chromosome. Comparative gene analysis shows that amniote egg proteins have evolved significantly more rapidly than other proteins. An anole phylogeny resolves basal branches to illuminate the history of their repeated adaptive radiations.

SUBMITTER: Alfoldi J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3184186 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals.

Alföldi Jessica J   Di Palma Federica F   Grabherr Manfred M   Williams Christina C   Kong Lesheng L   Mauceli Evan E   Russell Pamela P   Lowe Craig B CB   Glor Richard E RE   Jaffe Jacob D JD   Ray David A DA   Boissinot Stephane S   Shedlock Andrew M AM   Botka Christopher C   Castoe Todd A TA   Colbourne John K JK   Fujita Matthew K MK   Moreno Ricardo Godinez RG   ten Hallers Boudewijn F BF   Haussler David D   Heger Andreas A   Heiman David D   Janes Daniel E DE   Johnson Jeremy J   de Jong Pieter J PJ   Koriabine Maxim Y MY   Lara Marcia M   Novick Peter A PA   Organ Chris L CL   Peach Sally E SE   Poe Steven S   Pollock David D DD   de Queiroz Kevin K   Sanger Thomas T   Searle Steve S   Smith Jeremy D JD   Smith Zachary Z   Swofford Ross R   Turner-Maier Jason J   Wade Juli J   Young Sarah S   Zadissa Amonida A   Edwards Scott V SV   Glenn Travis C TC   Schneider Christopher J CJ   Losos Jonathan B JB   Lander Eric S ES   Breen Matthew M   Ponting Chris P CP   Lindblad-Toh Kerstin K  

Nature 20110831 7366


The evolution of the amniotic egg was one of the great evolutionary innovations in the history of life, freeing vertebrates from an obligatory connection to water and thus permitting the conquest of terrestrial environments. Among amniotes, genome sequences are available for mammals and birds, but not for non-avian reptiles. Here we report the genome sequence of the North American green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis. We find that A. carolinensis microchromosomes are highly syntenic with chic  ...[more]

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