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Maternal nutrient restriction during late gestation and early postnatal growth in sheep differentially reset the control of energy metabolism in the gastric mucosa.

ABSTRACT: Fetal growth restriction followed by accelerated postnatal growth contributes to impaired metabolic function in adulthood. The extent to which these outcomes may be mediated centrally within the hypothalamus, as opposed to in the periphery within the digestive tract, remains unknown. In a sheep model, we achieved intrauterine growth restriction experimentally by maternal nutrient restriction (R) that involved a 40% reduction in food intake through late gestation. R offspring were then either reared singly to accelerate postnatal growth (RA) or as twins and compared with controls also reared singly. From weaning, all offspring were maintained indoors until adulthood. A reduced litter size accelerated postnatal growth for only the first month of lactation. Independently from postnatal weight gain and later fat mass, R animals developed insulin resistance as adults. However, restricted accelerated offspring compared with both the control accelerated and restricted restricted offspring ate less and had higher fasting plasma leptin as adults, an adaptation which was accompanied by changes in energy sensing and cell proliferation within the abomasum. Additionally, although fetal restriction down-regulated gene expression of mammalian target of rapamycin and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1-dependent pathways in the abomasum, RA offspring compensated for this by exhibiting greater activity of AMP-activated kinase-dependent pathways. This study demonstrates a role for perinatal nutrition in the peripheral control of food intake and in energy sensing in the gastric mucosal and emphasizes the importance of diet in early life in regulating energy metabolism during adulthood.

SUBMITTER: Sebert SP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3192420 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Maternal nutrient restriction during late gestation and early postnatal growth in sheep differentially reset the control of energy metabolism in the gastric mucosa.

Sebert S P SP Dellschaft N S NS Chan L L Y LL Street H H Henry M M Francois C C Sharma V V Fainberg H P HP Patel N N Roda J J Keisler D D Budge H H Symonds M E ME

Endocrinology 20110510 7

Fetal growth restriction followed by accelerated postnatal growth contributes to impaired metabolic function in adulthood. The extent to which these outcomes may be mediated centrally within the hypothalamus, as opposed to in the periphery within the digestive tract, remains unknown. In a sheep model, we achieved intrauterine growth restriction experimentally by maternal nutrient restriction (R) that involved a 40% reduction in food intake through late gestation. R offspring were then either rea ...[more]

PMID: 21558318

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Project description:Fall-calving primiparous beef females [body weight: 451 ± 28 (SD) kg; body condition score: 5.4 ± 0.7] were individually-fed either 100% (control; CON; n = 13) or 70% (nutrient restricted; NR; n = 13) of metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance, pregnancy, and growth from day 160 of gestation to parturition. Calves were reared naturally by their dams and monitored for latency times from birth to first sternal recumbency, attempt to stand, and stand; vigor scores were assigned at 2, 5, 10, and 20 min of age. Rectal temperatures and jugular blood were obtained at 0 (pre-suckling), 6, 12, 24, and 48 h of age, and blood chemistry, hematology, cortisol, and insulin were determined. Data were analyzed with fixed effects of late gestational nutritional plane (single data point) or nutritional plane, hour, and their interaction (data over time, repeated measures). Calving date was a fixed effect; calf sex was included when P < 0.25. We previously reported that late gestational nutritional plane did not affect gestation length or calf size at birth, but calving assistance and fetal malpresentations occurred more often in NR. Nutritional plane did not affect (P = 0.65) duration of parturition, but calves born to NR dams had slower times to attempt to stand (P = 0.09), slower times to stand (P = 0.02), and had poorer 20 min vigor scores (P = 0.05). Serum immunoglobulin G and A concentrations at 48 h were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for NR calves. Rectal temperature of NR calves was less (P = 0.02) at 0 h, but greater (P = 0.04) at 24 h compared with CON. Circulating glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, cortisol, and insulin were not affected by nutritional plane (P ≥ 0.18). Total protein and globulin from 6 to 48 h were greater (P ≤ 0.02) in NR calves. Calves from NR dams had greater (P < 0.08) gamma-glutamyl transferase at 6, 12, and 48 h. Serum aspartate aminotransferase was greater (P ≤ 0.07) from 0 to 24 h and creatine kinase was greater (P ≤ 0.04) from 6 to 24 h in NR calves. At 0 h, potassium was greater (P = 0.03) in NR calves. Calves born to CON had greater chloride (P = 0.08; main effect), sodium (P ≤ 0.09) from 0 to 48 h, and anion gap (P = 0.02) at 6 h. Hematocrit from 6 to 24 h and red blood cells and hemoglobin at 6 and 12 h were greater (P ≤ 0.09) in CON calves. These data indicate that nutrient restriction during late gestation resulted in less vigorous calves with more indicators of trauma in early life.

Project description:BackgroundManipulating maternal nutrition during specific periods of gestation can result in re-programming of fetal and post-natal development. In this experiment we investigated how a feed restriction of 85% compared with 140% of total metabolizable energy requirements, fed to cows during mid-to-late gestation, influences phenotypic development of fetuses and mRNA expression of growth (Insulin-Like Growth Factor family and Insulin Receptor (INSR)), myogenic (Myogenic Differentiation 1 (MYOD1), Myogenin (MYOG), Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2A (MEF2A), Serum Response Factor (SRF)) and adipogenic (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG)) genes in fetal longissimus dorsi (LD) and semitendinosus (ST) muscle. DNA methylation of imprinted genes, Insulin Like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) and Insulin Like Growth Factor 2 Receptor (IGF2R), and micro RNA (miRNA) expression, were also examined as potential consequences of poor maternal nutrition, but also potential regulators of altered gene expression patterns.ResultsWhile the nutrient restriction impacted dam body weight, no differences were observed in phenotypic fetal measurements (weight, crown-rump length, or thorax circumference). Interestingly, LD and ST muscles responded differently to the differential pre-natal nutrient levels. While LD muscle of restricted fetal calves had greater mRNA abundances for Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 and its receptor (IGF1 and IGF1R), IGF2R, INSR, MYOD1, MYOG, and PPARG, no significant differences were observed for gene expression in ST muscle. Similarly, feed restriction had a greater impact on the methylation level of IGF2 Differentially Methylated Region 2 (DMR2) in LD muscle as compared to ST muscle between treatment groups. A negative correlation existed between IGF2 mRNA expression and IGF2 DMR2 methylation level in both LD and ST muscles. Differential expression of miRNAs 1 and 133a were also detected in LD muscle.ConclusionsOur data suggests that a nutrient restriction of 85% as compared to 140% of total metabolizable energy requirements during the 2nd half of gestation can alter the expression of growth, myogenic and adipogenic genes in fetal muscle without apparent differences in fetal phenotype. It also appears that the impact of feed restriction varies between muscles suggesting a priority for nutrient partitioning depending on muscle function and/or fiber composition. Differences in the methylation level in IGF2, a well-known imprinted gene, as well as differences in miRNA expression, may be functional mechanisms that precede the differences in gene expression observed, and could lead to trans-generational epigenetic programming.

Project description:Background: Fetal growth is dependent on placental nutrient supply, which is influenced by placental perfusion and transporter abundance. Previous research indicates that adequate choline nutrition during pregnancy improves placental vascular development, supporting the hypothesis that choline may affect placental nutrient transport.Objective: The present study sought to determine the impact of maternal choline supplementation (MCS) on placental nutrient transporter abundance and nutrient metabolism during late gestation.Methods: Female non-Swiss albino mice were randomly assigned to the 1×, 2×, or 4× choline diet (1.4, 2.8, and 5.6 g choline chloride/kg diet, respectively) 5 d before mating (n = 16 dams/group). The placentas and fetuses were harvested on gestational day (E) 15.5 and E18.5. The placental abundance of macronutrient, choline, and acetylcholine transporters and glycogen metabolic enzymes, and the placental concentration of glycogen were quantified. Choline metabolites and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations were measured in the placentas and/or fetal brains. Data were stratified by gestational day and fetal sex and were analyzed by using mixed linear models.Results: At E15.5, MCS downregulated the placental transcript and protein abundance of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) (-40% to -73%, P < 0.05) and the placental transcript abundance of glycogen-synthesizing enzymes (-24% to -50%, P ≤ 0.05). At E18.5, MCS upregulated GLUT3 protein abundance (+55%, P = 0.016) and the transcript abundance of glycogen-synthesizing enzymes only in the female placentas (+36% to +60%, P < 0.05), resulting in a doubling (P = 0.01) of the glycogen concentration. A higher placental transcript abundance of the transporters for DHA, choline, and acetylcholine was also detected in response to MCS, consequently altering their concentrations in the placentas or fetal brains (P ≤ 0.05).Conclusions: These data suggest that MCS modulates placental nutrient transporter abundance and nutrient metabolism in late gestation of mouse pregnancy, with subsequent effects on nutrient supply for the developing fetus.

Project description:BackgroundObesity invokes a range of metabolic disturbances, but the transition from a poor to excessive nutritional environment may exacerbate adult metabolic dysfunction. The current study investigated global maternal nutrient restriction during early or late gestation on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in the adult offspring when lean and obese.Methods/principal findingsPregnant sheep received adequate (1.0M; CE, n = 6) or energy restricted (0.7M) diet during early (1-65 days; LEE, n = 6) or late (65-128 days; LEL, n = 7) gestation (term approximately 147 days). Subsequent offspring remained on pasture until 1.5 years when all received glucose and insulin tolerance tests (GTT & ITT) and body composition determination by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). All animals were then exposed to an obesogenic environment for 6-7 months and all protocols repeated. Prenatal dietary treatment had no effect on birth weight or on metabolic endpoints when animals were 'lean' (1.5 years). Obesity revealed generalised metabolic 'inflexibility' and insulin resistance; characterised by blunted excursions of plasma NEFA and increased insulin(AUC) (from 133 to 341 [s.e.d. 26] ng.ml(-1).120 mins) during a GTT, respectively. For LEL vs. CE, the peak in plasma insulin when obese was greater (7.8 vs. 4.7 [s.e.d. 1.1] ng.ml(-1)) and was exacerbated by offspring sex (i.e. 9.8 vs. 4.4 [s.e.d. 1.16] ng.ml(-1); LEL male vs. CE male, respectively). Acquisition of obesity also significantly influenced the plasma lipid and protein profile to suggest, overall, greater net lipogenesis and reduced protein metabolism.ConclusionsThis study indicates generalised metabolic dysfunction with adult-onset obesity which also exacerbates and 'reveals' programming of glucose-insulin sensitivity in male offspring prenatally exposed to maternal undernutrition during late gestation. Taken together, the data suggest that metabolic function appears little compromised in young prenatally 'programmed' animals so long as weight is adequately controlled. Nutritional excess in adulthood exacerbates any programmed phenotype, indicating greater vigilance over weight control is required for those individuals exposed to nutritional thrift during gestation.

Dataset Information

Maternal nutrient restriction during late gestation and early postnatal growth in sheep differentially reset the control of energy metabolism in the gastric mucosa.

Publications

Maternal nutrient restriction during late gestation and early postnatal growth in sheep differentially reset the control of energy metabolism in the gastric mucosa.

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