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Regulatory T cells limit vascular endothelial injury and prevent pulmonary hypertension.

ABSTRACT: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an incurable disease associated with viral infections and connective tissue diseases. The relationship between inflammation and disease pathogenesis in these disorders remains poorly understood.To determine whether immune dysregulation due to absent T-cell populations directly contributes to the development of PAH.Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) blockade induced significant pulmonary endothelial apoptosis in T-cell-deficient rats but not in immune-reconstituted (IR) rats. T cell-lymphopenia in association with VEGFR2 blockade resulted in periarteriolar inflammation with macrophages, and B cells even prior to vascular remodeling and elevated pulmonary pressures. IR prevented early inflammation and attenuated PAH development. IR with either CD8 T cells alone or with CD4-depleted spleen cells was ineffective in preventing PAH, whereas CD4-depleting immunocompetent euthymic animals increased PAH susceptibility. IR with either CD4(+)CD25(hi) or CD4(+)CD25(-) T cell subsets prior to vascular injury attenuated the development of PAH. IR limited perivascular inflammation and endothelial apoptosis in rat lungs in association with increased FoxP3(+), IL-10- and TGF-?-expressing CD4 cells, and upregulation of pulmonary bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2)-expressing cells, a receptor that activates endothelial cell survival pathways.PAH may arise when regulatory T-cell (Treg) activity fails to control endothelial injury. These studies suggest that regulatory T cells normally function to limit vascular injury and may protect against the development of PAH.

SUBMITTER: Tamosiuniene R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3204361 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Regulatory T cells limit vascular endothelial injury and prevent pulmonary hypertension.

Tamosiuniene Rasa R Tian Wen W Dhillon Gundeep G Wang Lijuan L Sung Yon K YK Gera Lajos L Patterson Andrew J AJ Agrawal Rani R Rabinovitch Marlene M Ambler Kelly K Long Carlin S CS Voelkel Norbert F NF Nicolls Mark R MR

Circulation research 20110825 8

<h4>Rationale</h4>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an incurable disease associated with viral infections and connective tissue diseases. The relationship between inflammation and disease pathogenesis in these disorders remains poorly understood.<h4>Objective</h4>To determine whether immune dysregulation due to absent T-cell populations directly contributes to the development of PAH.<h4>Methods and results</h4>Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) blockade induced signifi ...[more]

PMID: 21868697

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Project description:BackgroundHypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is a common type of pulmonary hypertension and characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and constriction. A large number of studies have shown that pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (PVECs) dysfunction plays an important role in the initiation and development stages of HPH, but the mechanism of PVECs dysfunction after hypoxia remains unclear. In this study, we explored the exact mechanism of PVECs dysfunction after hypoxia.MethodsIn vitro, we used primary cultured PVECs hypoxia model to mimic HPH injury. We detected the expressions of mitochondrial biogenesis markers, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) level inside mitochondria, mitochondrial quantity and function, and the components expressions of translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) at 24 h after hypoxia. To explore the effects of Tom70 on mitochondrial biogenesis and functions of PVECs after hypoxia, Tom70 overexpression adenovirus was constructed, and the expressions of mitochondrial biogenesis markers, TFAM level inside mitochondria, mitochondrial quantity and function, and the functions of PVECs were detected. And in vivo, we used cre-dependent overexpression adenovirus of Tom70 in the Cdh5-CreERT2 mouse model of HPH to verify the role of upregulating PVECs Tom70 in improving HPH.ResultsHypoxia obviously increased the expressions of mitochondrial biogenesis markers for PGC-1α, NRF-1 and TFAM, but reduced the content of TFAM in mitochondria and the quantity and functions of mitochondria. In addition, only Tom70 expression among the TOM components was significantly decreased after hypoxia, and up-regulation of Tom70 significantly increased the content of TFAM in mitochondria of PVECs by transporting TFAM into mitochondria after hypoxia, enhanced the quantity and functions of mitochondria, improved the functions of PVECs, and ultimately alleviated HPH.ConclusionThe findings of present study demonstrated that hypoxia induced the decreased expression of Tom70 in PVECs, reduced the mitochondrial biogenesis-associated TFAM protein transporting into mitochondria, inhibited mitochondrial biogenesis, caused PVECs injury, and prompted the formation of HPH. However, up-regulation of Tom70 abolished the hypoxia-induced injurious effects on PVECs and alleviated HPH.

Project description:BackgroundThe molecular mechanism(s) regulating hypoxia-induced vascular fibrosis are unresolved. Hyperaldosteronism correlates positively with vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension, suggesting that aldosterone may contribute to the pulmonary vasculopathy of hypoxia. The hypoxia-sensitive transcription factors c-Fos/c-Jun regulate steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which facilitates the rate-limiting step of aldosterone steroidogenesis. We hypothesized that c-Fos/c-Jun upregulation by hypoxia activates StAR-dependent aldosterone synthesis in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) to promote vascular fibrosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension.Methods and resultsPatients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, rats with Sugen/hypoxia-pulmonary arterial hypertension, and mice exposed to chronic hypoxia expressed increased StAR in remodeled pulmonary arterioles, providing a basis for investigating hypoxia-StAR signaling in HPAECs. Hypoxia (2.0% FiO2) increased aldosterone levels selectively in HPAECs, which was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Increased aldosterone by hypoxia resulted from enhanced c-Fos/c-Jun binding to the proximal activator protein-1 site of the StAR promoter in HPAECs, which increased StAR expression and activity. In HPAECs transfected with StAR-small interfering RNA or treated with the activator protein-1 inhibitor SR-11302 [3-methyl-7-(4-methylphenyl)-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid], hypoxia failed to increase aldosterone, confirming that aldosterone biosynthesis required StAR activation by c-Fos/c-Jun. The functional consequences of aldosterone were confirmed by pharmacological inhibition of the mineralocorticoid receptor with spironolactone or eplerenone, which attenuated hypoxia-induced upregulation of the fibrogenic protein connective tissue growth factor and collagen III in vitro and decreased pulmonary vascular fibrosis to improve pulmonary hypertension in vivo.ConclusionOur findings identify autonomous aldosterone synthesis in HPAECs attributable to hypoxia-mediated upregulation of StAR as a novel molecular mechanism that promotes pulmonary vascular remodeling and fibrosis.

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Regulatory T cells limit vascular endothelial injury and prevent pulmonary hypertension.

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Regulatory T cells limit vascular endothelial injury and prevent pulmonary hypertension.

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