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Identification and characterization of alternatively transcribed form of peroxiredoxin IV gene that is specifically expressed in spermatids of postpubertal mouse testis.

ABSTRACT: 2-Cysteine (Cys) peroxiredoxins (Prxs), which include mammalian Prxs I-IV, possess two conserved Cys residues that are readily oxidized by H(2)O(2) to form a disulfide. In the case of Prx I-III, the disulfide is reduced by thioredoxin, thus enabling these proteins to function as peroxidases. Prx IV was shown previously to be synthesized as a 31-kDa polypeptide with an NH(2)-terminal signal peptide that is subsequently cleaved to generate a 27-kDa form of the protein that is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. A form of Prx IV, larger than 27 kDa revealed by immunoblot analysis was suggested to represent the unprocessed, 31-kDa form, but this larger form was detected only in spermatids of the postpubertal testis. We now show that the larger form of Prx IV (here designated Prx IV-L) detected in the testis is actually a product of alternative transcription of the Prx IV gene that is encoded by newly identified exon 1A together with exons 2-7 that are shared with the 27-kDa form (designated Prx IV-S). Prx IV-L was detected in spermatids but not in mature sperm, it could form disulfide-linked dimers but not higher order oligomers via oxidation, and it was resistant to hyperoxidation unless additional reductant was added, suggesting that its peroxidase activity is limited in vivo. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Prx IV-S gene is present in all vertebrates examined, whereas the Prx IV-L gene was detected only in placental mammals. We suggest that Prx IV-L functions as an H(2)O(2) sensor that mediates protein thiol oxidation required for the maturation of spermatozoa in placental mammals.

SUBMITTER: Yim SH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3234725 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Identification and characterization of alternatively transcribed form of peroxiredoxin IV gene that is specifically expressed in spermatids of postpubertal mouse testis.

Yim Sun Hee SH Kim Yoo-Jin YJ Oh Sue Young SY Fujii Junichi J Zhang Yan Y Gladyshev Vadim N VN Rhee Sue Goo SG

The Journal of biological chemistry 20110811 45

2-Cysteine (Cys) peroxiredoxins (Prxs), which include mammalian Prxs I-IV, possess two conserved Cys residues that are readily oxidized by H(2)O(2) to form a disulfide. In the case of Prx I-III, the disulfide is reduced by thioredoxin, thus enabling these proteins to function as peroxidases. Prx IV was shown previously to be synthesized as a 31-kDa polypeptide with an NH(2)-terminal signal peptide that is subsequently cleaved to generate a 27-kDa form of the protein that is localized to the endo ...[more]

PMID: 21835919

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Project description:Pseudogenes, in the case of protein-coding genes, are gene copies that have lost the ability to code for a protein; they are typically identified through annotation of disabled, decayed or incomplete protein-coding sequences. Processed pseudogenes (PPsigs) are made through mRNA retrotransposition. There is overwhelming genomic evidence for thousands of human PPsigs and also dozens of human processed genes that comprise complete retrotransposed copies of other genes. Here, we survey for an intermediate entity, the transcribed processed pseudogene (TPPsig), which is disabled but nonetheless transcribed. TPPsigs may affect expression of paralogous genes, as observed in the case of the mouse makorin1-p1 TPPsig. To elucidate their role, we identified human TPPsigs by mapping expressed sequences onto PPsigs and, reciprocally, extracting TPPsigs from known mRNAs. We consider only those PPsigs that are homologous to either non-mammalian eukaryotic proteins or protein domains of known structure, and require detection of identical coding-sequence disablements in both the expressed and genomic sequences. Oligonucleotide microarray data provide further expression verification. Overall, we find 166-233 TPPsigs ( approximately 4-6% of PPsigs). Proteins/transcripts with the highest numbers of homologous TPPsigs generally have many homologous PPsigs and are abundantly expressed. TPPsigs are significantly over-represented near both the 5' and 3' ends of genes; this suggests that TPPsigs can be formed through gene-promoter co-option, or intrusion into untranslated regions. However, roughly half of the TPPsigs are located away from genes in the intergenic DNA and thus may be co-opting cryptic promoters of undesignated origin. Furthermore, TPPsigs are unlike other PPsigs and processed genes in the following ways: (i) they do not show a significant tendency to either deposit on or originate from the X chromosome; (ii) only 5% of human TPPsigs have potential orthologs in mouse. This latter finding indicates that the vast majority of TPPsigs is lineage specific. This is likely linked to well-documented extensive lineage-specific SINE/LINE activity. The list of TPPsigs is available at: http://www.biology.mcgill.ca/faculty/harrison/tppg/bppg.tov (or) http:pseudogene.org.

Dataset Information

Identification and characterization of alternatively transcribed form of peroxiredoxin IV gene that is specifically expressed in spermatids of postpubertal mouse testis.

Publications

Identification and characterization of alternatively transcribed form of peroxiredoxin IV gene that is specifically expressed in spermatids of postpubertal mouse testis.

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