Duck hunters' perceptions of risk for avian influenza, Georgia, USA.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Dishman H
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3298320 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:A critical step for decreasing zoonotic disease threats is to have a good understanding of the associated risks. Hunters frequently handle potentially infected birds, so they are more at risk of being exposed to zoonotic avian pathogens, including avian influenza viruses (AIVs). The objective of the current study was to gain a better understanding of Cuban hunters' general hunting practices, focusing on their knowledge and risk perception on avian influenza. An anonymous and voluntary semi-structured questionnaire was designed and applied to 398 hunters. Multiple correspondence analyses found relationships with potential exposure of AIVs to people and domestic animals. The main associated risks factors identified were not taking the annual flu vaccine (60.1%) and not cleaning hunting knives (26.3%); Direct contact with water (32.1%), cleaning wild birds at home (33.2%); receiving assistance during bird cleaning (41.9%), keeping poultry at home (56.5%) and feeding domestic animals with wild bird leftovers (30.3%) were also identified as significant risk factors. The lack of use of some protective measures reported by hunters had no relationship with their awareness on avian influenza, which may imply a lack of such knowledge. The results evidenced that more effective risk communication strategies about the consequences of AIVs infecting human or other animals, and the importance of reducing such risks, are urgently needed.
| S-EPMC8342762 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The persistence of 3 low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) (H4N6, H5N1, and H6N8) and one human influenza virus (H1N1) as well as Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and enteric cytopathogenic bovine orphan (ECBO) virus was investigated in lake sediment, duck feces, and duck meat at 30, 20, 10, and 0°C using a germ carrier technique. Virus-loaded germ carriers were incubated in each substrate, and residual infectivity of the eluted virus was quantified on cell culture after regular intervals for a maximum of 24 weeks. Data were analyzed by a linear regression model to calculate T(90) values (time required for 90% loss of virus infectivity) and estimated persistence of the viruses. In general, the persistence of all of the viruses was highest in lake sediment, followed by feces, and was the lowest in duck meat at all temperatures. For the avian influenza virus subtypes, T(90) values in sediment ranged from 5 to 11, 13 to 18, 43 to 54, and 66 to 394 days at 30, 20, 10, and 0°C, respectively, which were 2 to 5 times higher than the T(90) values of the viruses in the feces and meat. Although the individual viruses vary in tenacity, the survival time of influenza viruses was shorter than that of NDV and ECBO virus in all substrates. The results of this study suggest that lake sediment may act as a long-term source of influenza viruses in the aquatic habitat, while the viruses may remain infectious for extended periods of time in duck feces and meat at low temperatures, allowing persistence of the viruses in the environment over winter.
| S-EPMC3147373 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC2609858 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Caucasus, at the border of Europe and Asia, is important for migration and over-wintering of wild waterbirds. Three flyways, the Central Asian, East Africa-West Asia, and Mediterranean/Black Sea flyways, converge in the Caucasus region. Thus, the Caucasus region might act as a migratory bridge for influenza virus transmission when birds aggregate in high concentrations in the post-breeding, migrating and overwintering periods. Since August 2009, we have established a surveillance network for influenza viruses in wild birds, using five sample areas geographically spread throughout suitable habitats in both eastern and western Georgia. We took paired tracheal and cloacal swabs and fresh feces samples. We collected 8343 swabs from 76 species belonging to 17 families in 11 orders of birds, of which 84 were real-time RT-PCR positive for avian influenza virus (AIV). No highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) H5 or H7 viruses were detected. The overall AIV prevalence was 1.6%. We observed peak prevalence in large gulls during the autumn migration (5.3-9.8%), but peak prevalence in Black-headed Gulls in spring (4.2-13%). In ducks, we observed increased AIV prevalence during the autumn post-moult aggregations and migration stop-over period (6.3%) but at lower levels to those observed in other more northerly post-moult areas in Eurasia. We observed another prevalence peak in the overwintering period (0.14-5.9%). Serological and virological monitoring of a breeding colony of Armenian Gulls showed that adult birds were seropositive on arrival at the breeding colony, but juveniles remained serologically and virologically negative for AIV throughout their time on the breeding grounds, in contrast to gull AIV data from other geographic regions. We show that close phylogenetic relatives of viruses isolated in Georgia are sourced from a wide geographic area throughout Western and Central Eurasia, and from areas that are represented by multiple different flyways, likely linking different host sub-populations.
| S-EPMC3596303 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Transcriptional profiling was carried out on lung and ileum samples at 1dpi and 3dpi from ducks infected with either low pathogenic (H5N2) or highly pathogenic (H5N1) avian influenza. Infected birds were compared to control birds at each time point.
2015-01-19 | E-MTAB-2909 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Ducks and wild aquatic birds are the natural reservoirs of avian influenza viruses. However, the host proteome response that causes disease in vivo during infection by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus is still not well understood. In the present study, we compared the proteome response in Muscovy duck lung tissue during 3 day of infection with either a highly virulent or an avirulent H5N1 virus. During infection, proteins involved in immune response of neutrophils and size of cells were increased markedly in the lung by the virulent strain, while the avirulent strain evoked a distinct response, characterized by an increase in proteins involved in cell movement, maturation of dendritic cells, adhesion of phagocytes, and immune response of macrophages.
2022-08-22 | PXD002719 | Pride
Project description:In winter 2016-2017, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus spread across Europe, causing unprecedented epizootics. France was massively affected, resulting in the culling of over 6 million poultry. Boosted regression tree (BRT) models were used to quantify the association between spatial risk factors and HPAI H5N8 infection in poultry holdings and to generate predictive maps for HPAI infection. Three datasets were combined to build the model: a dataset of the reported outbreaks in poultry, a dataset of the poultry holdings where the virus has not been reported and a set of relevant spatial risk factors, including poultry production and trade, and water bird habitat. Results identified key associations between the 'foie gras' production systems and HPAI H5N8 risk of occurrence and indicate that strengthening surveillance of fattening duck production systems and making the transportation of fattening ducks more secure would be key priority options for HPAI prevention and control.
| S-EPMC6467959 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Ducks are the reservoir host of influenza A viruses, and are permissive for replication of most strains, yet can elicit robust innate immune responses to highly pathogenic strains. Tissue tropism and viral amino acid differences affect virulence, but we have limited knowledge about how viral differences influence the host innate immune response. Here we compare the innate immune response in Pekin ducks to a recombinant highly-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus and a naturally arising attenuated variant of this strain that differs at one amino acid in polymerase A (T515A), as well as ducks infected with two different H5 strains of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). Using qPCR we examined the relative abundance of transcripts for RIG-I and interferon-beta (IFNβ), and downstream interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). The polymerase PA (T515A) mutation did not significantly affect replication in vivo but greatly attenuated host interferon responses. ISG induction was robust for both H5N1 strains, but was three times lower for the PA mutant strain. Low pathogenic viruses elicited detectable induction of RIG-I, IFNβ and ISGs in lung and intestine tissues that correlated with the recovery of viruses from tracheal or cloacal swabs. Several genes in the MAVS signaling pathway were also upregulated by H5N1, which contributed to further amplification of the signal. We also examined hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue sections and observe evidence of lung pathology and splenocyte depletion with both H5N1 viruses at 3 dpi, and recovery by 6 dpi. However, for both H5N1 strains we observed inflammation around neurons in brain, with increased cytokine expression in some individuals. Our findings reveal HPAI H5N1 viruses induced stronger innate immune responses to the infection, while LPAI viruses elicit a milder response.
| S-EPMC6365012 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundEndothelial cells play a major role in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus pathogenesis in gallinaceous poultry species (e.g. chicken, turkey and quail). Upon infection of gallinaceous poultry with HPAI viruses, endothelial cells throughout the body become rapidly infected, leading to systemic dissemination of the virus, disseminated intravascular coagulation, oedema and haemorrhaging. In contrast, the pathogenesis of HPAI viruses in most wild bird species (e.g. duck, goose and gull species) is not associated with endothelial tropism. Indeed, viral antigen is not found in the endothelial cells of most wild bird species following infection with HPAI viruses. This differential endothelial cell tropism in avian species is poorly understood, mainly due to the absence of appropriate cell culture systems.ResultsHere, we describe the isolation and purification of primary duck endothelial cells from the aorta or bone marrow of Pekin duck embryos. Cells were differentiated in the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor and, if needed, enriched via fluorescent-activated cell sorting based on the uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein. The expression of von Willebrand factor, a key marker of endothelial cells, was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Monocultures of duck endothelial cells, either derived from the aorta or the bone marrow, were susceptible to infection with an H5N1 HPAI virus but to a much lesser extent than chicken endothelial cells.ConclusionsThe methods described herein to isolate and purify duck endothelial cells from the aorta or bone marrow could also be applied to obtain microvascular endothelial cells from other tissues and organs, such as the lung or the intestine, and represent a valuable tool to study the pathogenesis of avian viruses.
| S-EPMC6194716 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In March 2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) was detected at 2 poultry farms in Tennessee, USA. Surveillance data and genetic analyses indicated multiple introductions of low pathogenicity avian influenza virus before mutation to high pathogenicity and interfarm transmission. Poultry surveillance should continue because low pathogenicity viruses circulate and spill over into commercial poultry.
| S-EPMC5652434 | biostudies-literature