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Cadmium associated with inhaled cadmium oxide nanoparticles impacts fetal and neonatal development and growth.

ABSTRACT: One industrially important metal oxide nanoparticle (NP) is cadmium oxide (CdO). A study was performed using timed-pregnant CD-1 mice to determine if Cd associated with inhaled CdO NP could reach the placenta and adversely affect the developing fetus and/or neonate. Pregnant mice were exposed by inhalation either every other day to 100 ?g of freshly generated CdO/m(3) (exposure 1) or daily to 230 ?g CdO/m(3) (exposure 2). In each exposure, mice were exposed to CdO NP or carrier gas (control) for 2.5 h from 4.5 days post coitus (dpc) through 16.5 dpc. At 17.5 dpc, fetuses and placentas from both exposures 1 and 2 were collected, measured, and weighed. A subgroup from the second exposure was allowed to give birth, and neonates were weighed daily until weaning. Cadmium in the uterus and placenta, as well as in other maternal organs, was elevated in NP-treated mice, but was undetectable in fetuses at 17.5 dpc. Daily inhalation of 230 ?g CdO NP/m(3) decreased the incidence of pregnancy (i.e., no evidence of implantation) by 23%, delayed maternal weight gain, altered placental weight, and decreased fetal length, as well as delayed neonatal growth. This study demonstrates that inhalation of CdO NP during pregnancy adversely affects reproductive fecundity and alters fetal and postnatal growth of the developing offspring.

SUBMITTER: Blum JL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3307609 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cadmium associated with inhaled cadmium oxide nanoparticles impacts fetal and neonatal development and growth.

Blum Jason L JL Xiong Judy Q JQ Hoffman Carol C Zelikoff Judith T JT

Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 20120112 2

One industrially important metal oxide nanoparticle (NP) is cadmium oxide (CdO). A study was performed using timed-pregnant CD-1 mice to determine if Cd associated with inhaled CdO NP could reach the placenta and adversely affect the developing fetus and/or neonate. Pregnant mice were exposed by inhalation either every other day to 100 μg of freshly generated CdO/m(3) (exposure 1) or daily to 230 μg CdO/m(3) (exposure 2). In each exposure, mice were exposed to CdO NP or carrier gas (control) for ...[more]

PMID: 22240978

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Project description:BackgroundIntrauterine exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been equivocally associated with birth weight, length and head circumference with limited attention to anthropometric endpoints such as umbilical circumference and limb lengths.ObjectiveTo explore 76 prenatal maternal plasma EDC concentrations in a healthy obstetric cohort and 7 neonatal anthropometric endpoints by maternal race/ethnicity.MethodsThe study cohort comprised 2106 (564 White, 549 Black, 590 Hispanic, 403 Asian) healthy pregnant women recruited from 12 U.S. clinical sites between 2009 and 2012 who were followed through delivery. Neonates underwent standardized anthropometric assessment (weight, length, head and umbilical circumference, and mid- upper arm and thigh length). Plasma EDC concentrations were quantified using high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. EDCs were log-transformed and rescaled by their deviations (SD) when modeled relative to neonatal endpoints using linear regression adjusting for age, education, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), serum cotinine, serum lipids for lipophilic chemicals, and a race/ethnicity interaction term; p-values had false discovery rate correction (<0.05).ResultsThe cohort comprised women aged 28 (SD = 5) years with normal BMIs (23.6 kg/m2, SD = 3). Maternal EDC concentrations varied by self-identified race/ethnicity and neonatal outcomes, though no specific EDC was consistently associated with neonatal anthropometric outcomes across racial/ethnic groups. For the overall cohort, perfluorooctanoic acid was negatively associated with birth length per SD increase in concentration (β = -0.23 cm; 95% CI -0.35, -0.10), while perfluorohexanesulfonic acid was negatively associated with umbilical circumference (β = -0.26 cm; 95% CI -0.40, -0.13), perfluorodecanoic acid with arm length (-0.09 cm; 95% CI -0.14, -0.04), and PCBs congeners 118/106 (-0.12 cm; 95% CI -0.20, -0.04) and 146/161 (-0.14 cm; 95% CI -0.23, -0.05) with thigh length, as were 7 other poly-and-perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs).ConclusionsAmong healthy pregnant women with low risk antenatal profiles and relatively low EDC concentrations, reductions in umbilical circumference and bone lengths may be a sensitive marker of intrauterine EDC exposure, particularly for PFAS.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Fetal growth patterns in pregnancy-associated hypertensive disorders is poorly understood because prospective longitudinal data are lacking. OBJECTIVE:The objective of the study was to compare longitudinal fetal growth trajectories between normotensive women and those with pregnancy-associated hypertensive disorders. STUDY DESIGN:This is a study based on data from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of fetal growth performed at 12 US sites (2009-2013). Project gestational age was confirmed by ultrasound between 8 weeks 0 days and 13 weels 6 days, and up to 6 ultrasounds were performed across gestation. Hypertensive disorders were diagnosed based on 2002 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines and grouped hierarchically as severe preeclampsia (including eclampsia or HELLP [hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count] syndrome), mild preeclampsia, severe gestational hypertension, mild gestational hypertension, or unspecified hypertension. Women without any hypertensive disorder constituted the normotensive group. Growth curves for estimated fetal weight and individual biometric parameters including biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur and humerus length were calculated for each group using linear mixed models with cubic splines. Global and weekly pairwise comparisons were performed between women with a hypertensive disorder compared with normotensive women to analyze differences while adjusting for confounding variables. Delivery gestational age and birthweights were compared among groups. RESULTS:Of 2462 women analyzed, 2296 (93.3%) were normotensive, 63 (2.6%) had mild gestational hypertension, 54 (2.2%) mild preeclampsia, 32 (1.3%) severe preeclampsia, and 17 (0.7%) unspecified hypertension. Compared with normotensive women, those with severe preeclampsia had estimated fetal weights that were reduced between 22 and 38 weeks (all weekly pairwise values of P < .008). Women with severe preeclampsia compared with those without hypertension also had significantly smaller fetal abdominal circumference between 23-31 and 33-37 weeks' gestation (weekly pairwise values of P < .04). Scattered weekly growth differences were noted on other biometric parameters between these 2 groups. The consistent differences in estimated fetal weight and abdominal circumference were not observed between women with other hypertensive disorders and those who were normotensive. Women with severe preeclampsia delivered significantly earlier (mean gestational age 35.9 ± 3.2 weeks) than the other groups (global P < .0001). Birthweights in the severe preeclampsia group were also significantly lower (mean -949.5 g [95% confidence interval, -1117.7 to -781.2 g]; P < .0001) than in the normotensive group. CONCLUSION:Among women with pregnancy-associated hypertensive disorders, only those destined to develop severe preeclampsia demonstrated a significant and consistent difference in fetal growth (ie, smaller estimated fetal weight and abdominal circumference) when compared with normotensive women.

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Cadmium associated with inhaled cadmium oxide nanoparticles impacts fetal and neonatal development and growth.

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Cadmium associated with inhaled cadmium oxide nanoparticles impacts fetal and neonatal development and growth.

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