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Selective expansion of polyfunctional pathogen-specific CD4(+) T cells in HIV-1-infected patients with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

ABSTRACT: Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapies (ART), the prognosis for HIV-1 patients has improved immensely. However, approximately 25% of patients can experience a variety of inflammatory symptoms that are collectively known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Studying the etiology and immunopathology of IRIS has been hampered by the fact that the symptoms and associated opportunistic infections are highly varied. We hypothesized that there is a common mechanism underlying IRIS pathogenesis and investigated a patient group with IRIS related to different pathogens. Functional and phenotypic characterization of PBMC samples was performed by polychromatic flow cytometry after in vitro stimulation with relevant antigenic preparations. In most patients, IRIS events were characterized by the robust increase of preexisting polyfunctional, highly differentiated effector CD4(+) T-cell responses that specifically targeted the antigens of the underlying co-infection. T-cell responses to HIV-1 or other underlying infections were not affected and did not differ between IRIS and non-IRIS patients. These data suggest that patients with IRIS do not have a generalized T-cell dysfunction; instead, IRIS represents a dysregulated CD4(+) T-cell response against residual opportunistic infection antigen. These studies were registered at www.clinical-trials.gov as NCT00557570 and NCT00286767.

SUBMITTER: Mahnke YD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3321870 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Selective expansion of polyfunctional pathogen-specific CD4(+) T cells in HIV-1-infected patients with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

Mahnke Yolanda D YD Greenwald Jamieson H JH DerSimonian Rebecca R Roby Gregg G Antonelli Lis R V LR Sher Alan A Roederer Mario M Sereti Irini I

Blood 20120104 13

Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapies (ART), the prognosis for HIV-1 patients has improved immensely. However, approximately 25% of patients can experience a variety of inflammatory symptoms that are collectively known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Studying the etiology and immunopathology of IRIS has been hampered by the fact that the symptoms and associated opportunistic infections are highly varied. We hypothesized that there is a common mec ...[more]

PMID: 22219223

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Project description:BackgroundThe immunopathogenesis of paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) remains unclear. We determined the association between pathogen-specific T-cell responses and development of paradoxical TB-IRIS on antiretroviral therapy (ART).MethodsThis study was nested within a prospective cohort study of HIV-infected patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and baseline CD4 counts ≤125 cells/µL initiating ART. T-cell immune activation (CD38, HLA-DR, and PD-1 expression), phenotype, and polyfunctional pathogen-specific cellular immune responses prior to and 4 weeks after ART initiation were determined by flow cytometry. Patients with TB-IRIS were compared to non-IRIS controls using χ(2) and rank-sum tests and logistic regression.ResultsTB-IRIS patients and controls had similar CD4 counts, levels of T-cell-associated immune activation, frequencies of T-cell memory subsets, and frequencies of interferon gamma (IFN-γ(+))/interleukin 2 (IL-2(+))/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α(+)) CD4(+) T-cells prior to ART initiation. After ART initiation, cellular immune activation and T-cell subsets also were similar in TB-IRIS patients and controls. In contrast, TB-IRIS patients had significantly greater early increases in the frequency of tuberculosis-specific polyfunctional IFN-γ(+)/IL-2(+)/TNF-α(+) CD4(+) T-cells on ART (P = .02); each quartile increase in the percentage of these cells was independently associated with a 2.8-fold increased risk of TB-IRIS (95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 7.5-fold). In a secondary analysis, patients with TB-IRIS had rapid, concomitant increases in tuberculosis-specific adaptive immune responses and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels, whereas controls with similarly rapid increases in cellular immune function had IL-6 levels that tended to decrease on ART.ConclusionsRapid expansion of tuberculosis-specific polyfunctional CD4(+) T-cell responses, likely linked to increases in IL-6, is associated with development of paradoxical TB-IRIS.

Project description:BackgroundIntegrase inhibitors (INI) induce a rapid decline of HIV-RNA in plasma and CD4+ T-cell recovery in blood. Both characteristics are also associated with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Whether the use of INI-containing combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) increases the risk of IRIS is being questioned.MethodsStudy within the Dutch ATHENA HIV observational cohort. HIV-1 infected late presenters initiating cART after March 2009 were included if they had <200 CD4+ T-cells per μL and were diagnosed with an opportunistic infection. IRIS was defined either according to the criteria by French et al. (IRISFRENCH) or by a clinical IRIS diagnosis of the physician (IRISCLINICAL). The primary outcomes were the association between INI and the occurrence of IRISFRENCH and IRISFRENCH+CLINICAL in multivariable logistic regression.Findings672 patients with a median CD4+ T-cell count of 35 cells per μL were included. Treatment with INI was independently associated with IRISFRENCH as well as IRISFRENCH+CLINICAL (OR 2·43, 95%CI:1·45-4·07, and OR 2·17, 95%CI:1·45-3·25). When investigating INI separately, raltegravir (RAL) remained significantly associated with IRISFRENCH (OR 4·04 (95%CI:1·99-8·19) as well as IRISFRENCH+CLINICAL (OR 3·07, 95%CI:1·66-5·69), while dolutegravir (DTG) became associated with IRISFRENCH+CLINICAL after it replaced RAL as preferred INI in the cohort after 2015 (OR 4·08, 95%CI:0·99-16·82, p=0·052). Too few patients used elvitegravir to draw meaningful conclusions. Steroid initiation for IRIS was more likely in those who initiated INI versus in those who did not, but no increased hospital (re)admission or mortality rates were observed.InterpretationIn HIV late presenters from a resource rich setting, INI based treatment initiation increased the risk of IRIS. This was observed for RAL and DTG when being initiated as preferential INI in the presence of specific AIDS-conditions, indicative of channeling bias. Although we controlled for all relevant measured confounders, we cannot exclude that the observed association is partially explained by residual confounding. INI use was not associated with mortality nor hospitalization. Therefore, our observation is no reason to avoid INI in late presenters.FundingThe ATHENA database is maintained by Stichting HIV Monitoring and supported by a grant from the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport through the Centre for Infectious Disease Control of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment.

Dataset Information

Selective expansion of polyfunctional pathogen-specific CD4(+) T cells in HIV-1-infected patients with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

Publications

Selective expansion of polyfunctional pathogen-specific CD4(+) T cells in HIV-1-infected patients with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

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