A microRNA circuit mediates transforming growth factor-?1 autoregulation in renal glomerular mesangial cells.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kato M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3337779 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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A microRNA circuit mediates transforming growth factor-β1 autoregulation in renal glomerular mesangial cells.
Kato Mitsuo M Arce Laura L Wang Mei M Putta Sumanth S Lanting Linda L Natarajan Rama R
Kidney international 20110309 4
Enhanced transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression in renal cells promotes fibrosis and hypertrophy during the progression of diabetic nephropathy. The TGF-β1 promoter is positively controlled by the E-box regulators, upstream stimulatory factors (USFs), in response to diabetic (high glucose) conditions; however, it is not clear whether TGF-β1 is autoregulated by itself. As changes in microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in kidney disease, we tested their involvement in this process. ...[more]
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Project description:TGF-beta1 is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates multiple cellular functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. It has been identified as one of the mediators of renal hypertrophy and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the diabetic glomerular mesangium. Previous results from our and other laboratories indicate that TGF-beta1 mediates some of the effects of high glucose and glucosamine on extracellular matrix gene expression in mesangial cells. The global regulatory mechanism(s), however, still remains to be understood. In this study, we have utilized an in vitro model of mouse mesangial cells (MES-13) to investigate the genetic effects of TGF-beta1 on global patterns of gene expression, transcriptome and signaling networks. A total number of 179 genes are regulated by TGF-beta1 in MES-13 cells at 2.0-fold, which cover across 44 physiological processes, 31 metabolic functions, and 11 major signaling pathways. We observed that several genes regulated by high glucose and glucosamine are also targeted by TGF-beta1 in MES-13 cells such as thioredoxin interacting protein, glutathione S-transferase theta 1, selenium binding protein 1, inhibitor of DNA binding 2, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. The results of this study further support the hypothesis that some effects of high glucose and glucosamine on mesangial gene expression are mediated by TGF-beta1. The identification of these common genes will help us to investigate further their roles in the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Cell culture: Stable murine mesangial (MES-13) cells transformed with non-capsid-forming SV-40 virus were obtained from the ATCC, Manassas, VA. These cells display a differentiated mesangial cell phenotype including the typical spindle-like appearance, positive staining for vimentin and desmin, and contraction in response to ANG II and expression of AT1 receptor. The cells were maintained in DMEM and F-12 Nutrient Mixture (Ham's) (4:1 ratio) (GIBCO BRL, Gaithersburg, MD) containing a normal D-glucose concentration of 5.5 mmol/L, 2% FCS, 100 µg/ml streptomycin, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 2 mmol/L glutamine (26). The cells were incubated in a humidified incubator of 5% CO2 at 37 °C and routinely passaged at confluence every 3 days by trypsinization using 10-cm culture dishes. Approximately 50% confluent monolayers were starved in the above medium without FCS for 1 day and then incubated in the starvation medium with 100 ng/ml TGF-beta1 for 24hrs. Total RNA isolation, cDNA and cRNA synthesis and genechip hybridization: Total RNA was isolated using Trizol reagent (Life Technologies, Inc., Massachusetts). cDNA and cRNA synthesis, genechip hybridization, and scanning of the Affymetrix murine expression U430 2.0 chips (the Affymetrix M430 2.0 chip contains 39,000 transcripts targeted at 34,000 well characterized genes) were performed according to the manufacturer's protocol (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Briefly, 5 mg of RNA was converted into double-stranded cDNA by reverse transcription using a cDNA synthesis kit (SuperScript Choice, Life Technologies, Inc., MA) with an oligo(dT)24 primer containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter site added 3' of the poly(T) (Genset, La Jolla, CA). After second-strand synthesis, labeled cRNA was generated from the cDNA sample by an in vitro transcription reaction supplemented with biotin-11-CTP and biotin-16-UTP (Enzo, Farmingdale, NY). The labeled cRNA was purified by using RNeasy spin columns (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). 15 mg of each cRNA was fragmented at 94 °C for 35 min in fragmentation buffer (40 mM Tris acetate, pH 8.1, 100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM magnesium acetate) and then used to prepare 300 ml of hybridization mixture (100 mM MES, 0.1 mg/ml herring sperm DNA (Promega), 1M sodium chloride, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.6, 0.005% Triton X-100) containing a mixture of control cRNAs samples were heated at 94 °C for 5 min, equilibrated at 45 °C for 5 min, and clarified by centrifugation (14,000 x g) at room temperature for 5 min. Aliquots of each sample (10 mg of cRNA in 200 ml of the master mix) were hybridized to GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array at 45 °C for 16 h in a rotisserie oven set at 60 rpm, then washed with non stringent wash buffer (6x saline/sodium phosphate/EDTA) at 25 °C, followed by stringent wash buffer (100 mM MES (pH 6.7), 0.1 M NaCl, 0.01% Tween 20) at 50 °C, stained with streptavidin-phycoerythrin (Molecular Probe), washed again with 6x saline/sodium phosphate/EDTA, stained with biotinylated anti-streptavidin lgG, followed by a second staining with streptavidin-phycoerythrin, and a third washing with 6x saline/sodium phosphate/EDTA using the GeneChip Fluidics Station 450. The arrays were then scanned using a GeneChip Scanner 3000 (Affymetrix). Each experiment was repeated twice. Microarray Data analysis: The chips were read with Affymetrix GCOS v1.2, and the probe intensity files were modeled with DChip 1.3 (Harvard School of Public Health) in both PM-only and PM-MM modes. Consensus differentially regulated genes were initially derived from repeat experiments on the bases of a 90% CI of greater than 2-fold change in expression and with p<0.05 of error in paired t-test across repeats. This was further validated through modeling of variance between sample groups (one-way ANOVA) conducted in GeneSpring 6.0 (Silicon Genetix). The consensus gene-set was clustered in DChip and GeneSpring 6.0, with OntoExpress (Wayne State University) to explore ontological associations. Further ontological and pathway analyses were conducted with the GeneGo software and NIH's DAVID bioinformatics programs (heep://appls.niaid.nih.gov/david). Keywords = TGFBeta1 Keywords = mesangial cells Keywords = diabetic glomerulopathy Keywords: repeat sample
2006-01-01 | GSE2558 | GEO
Project description:Mesangial cell (MC) proliferation is a key pathological feature in a number of common human renal diseases, including mesangial proliferative nephritis and diabetic nephropathies. Knowledge of MC responses to pathological stimuli is crucial to the understanding of these disease processes. We previously determined that Krϋppel-like factor 15 (KLF15), a kidney-enriched zinc-finger transcription factor, was required for inhibition of MC proliferation. In the present study, we investigated the direct target gene and the underlying mechanism by which KLF15 regulated mesangial proliferation. First, we screened small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 (SUMO1) as the direct transcriptional target of KLF15 and validated this finding with ChIP-PCR and luciferase assays. Furthermore, we demonstrated that overexpressing KLF15 or SUMO1 enhanced the stability of P53, which blocked the cell cycle of human renal MCs (HRMCs) and therefore abolished cell proliferation. Conversely, knockdown of SUMO1 in HRMCs, even those overexpressed with KLF15, could not inhibit HRMC proliferation rates and increase SUMOylation of P53. Finally, the results showed that the levels of SUMOylated P53 in the kidney cortices of anti-Thy 1 model rats were decreased during proliferation periods. These findings reveal the critical mechanism by which KLF15 targets SUMO1 to mediate the proliferation of MCs.
| S-EPMC8184688 | biostudies-literature
Project description:TGF-beta1 is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates multiple cellular functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. It has been identified as one of the mediators of renal hypertrophy and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the diabetic glomerular mesangium. Previous results from our and other laboratories indicate that TGF-beta1 mediates some of the effects of high glucose and glucosamine on extracellular matrix gene expression in mesangial cells. The global regulatory mechanism(s), however, still remains to be understood. In this study, we have utilized an in vitro model of mouse mesangial cells (MES-13) to investigate the genetic effects of TGF-beta1 on global patterns of gene expression, transcriptome and signaling networks. A total number of 179 genes are regulated by TGF-beta1 in MES-13 cells at 2.0-fold, which cover across 44 physiological processes, 31 metabolic functions, and 11 major signaling pathways. We observed that several genes regulated by high glucose and glucosamine are also targeted by TGF-beta1 in MES-13 cells such as thioredoxin interacting protein, glutathione S-transferase theta 1, selenium binding protein 1, inhibitor of DNA binding 2, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. The results of this study further support the hypothesis that some effects of high glucose and glucosamine on mesangial gene expression are mediated by TGF-beta1. The identification of these common genes will help us to investigate further their roles in the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Cell culture: Stable murine mesangial (MES-13) cells transformed with non-capsid-forming SV-40 virus were obtained from the ATCC, Manassas, VA. These cells display a differentiated mesangial cell phenotype including the typical spindle-like appearance, positive staining for vimentin and desmin, and contraction in response to ANG II and expression of AT1 receptor. The cells were maintained in DMEM and F-12 Nutrient Mixture (Ham's) (4:1 ratio) (GIBCO BRL, Gaithersburg, MD) containing a normal D-glucose concentration of 5.5 mmol/L, 2% FCS, 100 µg/ml streptomycin, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 2 mmol/L glutamine (26). The cells were incubated in a humidified incubator of 5% CO2 at 37 °C and routinely passaged at confluence every 3 days by trypsinization using 10-cm culture dishes. Approximately 50% confluent monolayers were starved in the above medium without FCS for 1 day and then incubated in the starvation medium with 100 ng/ml TGF-beta1 for 24hrs. Total RNA isolation, cDNA and cRNA synthesis and genechip hybridization: Total RNA was isolated using Trizol reagent (Life Technologies, Inc., Massachusetts). cDNA and cRNA synthesis, genechip hybridization, and scanning of the Affymetrix murine expression U430 2.0 chips (the Affymetrix M430 2.0 chip contains 39,000 transcripts targeted at 34,000 well characterized genes) were performed according to the manufacturer's protocol (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Briefly, 5 mg of RNA was converted into double-stranded cDNA by reverse transcription using a cDNA synthesis kit (SuperScript Choice, Life Technologies, Inc., MA) with an oligo(dT)24 primer containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter site added 3' of the poly(T) (Genset, La Jolla, CA). After second-strand synthesis, labeled cRNA was generated from the cDNA sample by an in vitro transcription reaction supplemented with biotin-11-CTP and biotin-16-UTP (Enzo, Farmingdale, NY). The labeled cRNA was purified by using RNeasy spin columns (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). 15 mg of each cRNA was fragmented at 94 °C for 35 min in fragmentation buffer (40 mM Tris acetate, pH 8.1, 100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM magnesium acetate) and then used to prepare 300 ml of hybridization mixture (100 mM MES, 0.1 mg/ml herring sperm DNA (Promega), 1M sodium chloride, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.6, 0.005% Triton X-100) containing a mixture of control cRNAs samples were heated at 94 °C for 5 min, equilibrated at 45 °C for 5 min, and clarified by centrifugation (14,000 x g) at room temperature for 5 min. Aliquots of each sample (10 mg of cRNA in 200 ml of the master mix) were hybridized to GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array at 45 °C for 16 h in a rotisserie oven set at 60 rpm, then washed with non stringent wash buffer (6x saline/sodium phosphate/EDTA) at 25 °C, followed by stringent wash buffer (100 mM MES (pH 6.7), 0.1 M NaCl, 0.01% Tween 20) at 50 °C, stained with streptavidin-phycoerythrin (Molecular Probe), washed again with 6x saline/sodium phosphate/EDTA, stained with biotinylated anti-streptavidin lgG, followed by a second staining with streptavidin-phycoerythrin, and a third washing with 6x saline/sodium phosphate/EDTA using the GeneChip Fluidics Station 450. The arrays were then scanned using a GeneChip Scanner 3000 (Affymetrix). Each experiment was repeated twice. Microarray Data analysis: The chips were read with Affymetrix GCOS v1.2, and the probe intensity files were modeled with DChip 1.3 (Harvard School of Public Health) in both PM-only and PM-MM modes. Consensus differentially regulated genes were initially derived from repeat experiments on the bases of a 90% CI of greater than 2-fold change in expression and with p<0.05 of error in paired t-test across repeats. This was further validated through modeling of variance between sample groups (one-way ANOVA) conducted in GeneSpring 6.0 (Silicon Genetix). The consensus gene-set was clustered in DChip and GeneSpring 6.0, with OntoExpress (Wayne State University) to explore ontological associations. Further ontological and pathway analyses were conducted with the GeneGo software and NIH's DAVID bioinformatics programs (heep://appls.niaid.nih.gov/david).
2008-06-12 | E-GEOD-2558 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs in several disease states, including renal fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Myofibroblasts produced from EMT of renal tubular cells are responsible for the deposition of extracellular matrix components in a large portion of renal interstitial fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays an essential role in the EMT of renal tubular cells, but the molecular mechanism governing this process remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that RGC-32 (response gene to complement 32) is critical for TGF-beta-induced EMT of human renal proximal tubular cells (HPTCs). RGC-32 is not normally expressed in the HPTCs. However, TGF-beta stimulation markedly activates RGC-32 while inducing an EMT, as shown by the induction of smooth muscle alpha-actin (alpha-SMA) and extracellular matrix proteins collagen I and fibronectin, as well as the reduction of epithelial marker E-cadherin. TGF-beta function is mediated by several signaling pathways, but RGC-32 expression in HPTCs appears to be mainly regulated by Smad. Functionally, RGC-32 appears to mediate TGF-beta-induced EMT of HPTCs. Blockage of RGC-32 using short hairpin interfering RNA significantly inhibits TGF-beta induction of myofibroblast marker gene alpha-SMA while repressing the expression of E-cadherin. In contrast, overexpression of RGC-32 induces alpha-SMA expression while restoring E-cadherin. RGC-32 also inhibits the expression of another adherens junction protein, N-cadherin, suggesting that RGC-32 alone induces the phenotypic conversion of renal epithelial cells to myofibroblasts. Additional studies show that RGC-32 stimulates the production of extracellular matrix components fibronectin and collagen I. Mechanistically, RGC-32 induces EMT via the activation of other transcription factors such as Snail and Slug. RGC-32 knockdown inhibits the expression of Snail and Slug during TGF-beta-induced EMT. Taken together, our data demonstrate for the first time that RGC-32 plays a critical role in TGF-beta-induced EMT of renal tubular cells.
| S-EPMC2666595 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:MicroRNAs have added a new dimension to our understanding of liver cirrhosis (LC) and associated processes like the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). METHODS:Serum samples were collected from 40 LC patients and 30 healthy donors. CCl4-induced LC mouse model in vivo and in vitro human HSC LX-2 and murine HSC JS-1 cells were researched. RESULTS:The levels of serum microRNA (miR)-744 is inversely correlated with the severity of LC and is a reliable biomarker of LC. In CCl4-induced LC model, the abundance of miR-744 was reduced in both sera and livers compared with sham controls. Importantly, increasing miR-744 abundance with synthetic miR-744 Agomir alleviated liver fibrosis, a critical component of LC, while reducing miR-744 with Antagomir exacerbated it. To elucidate molecular mechanism underlying the suppressive role of miR-744 in LC, we observed that miR-744 and transforming growth factor ?1 (TGF?1) are inversely correlated in LC patients' sera as well as sera/livers from CCl4-induced LC mice. We demonstrated that miR-744 Agomir downregulated the expression of TGF?1 and further confirmed that TGF?1 mRNA was a bona fide miR-744 target in HSCs. Moreover, miR-744 Agomir reduced the degree of F-actin formation and cell proliferation while miR-744 Antagomir promoted these events, suggesting that miR-744 is a negative regulator of HSC activation. CONCLUSIONS:MiR-744-led suppression in HSC activation is most likely through TGF?1 because exogenous TGF?1 nearly negated miR-744 Agomir's action. This study suggests that reduction of miR-744 is a reliable biomarker for LC and miR-744/TGF?1 relationship is a key regulator of LC.
| S-EPMC7400990 | biostudies-literature
Project description:MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate mRNA levels. While previous studies have demonstrated that miRNAs are indispensable in the nephron progenitor and ureteric bud lineage, little is understood about stromal miRNAs during kidney development. The renal stroma (marked by expression of FoxD1) gives rise to the renal interstitium, a subset of peritubular capillaries, and multiple supportive vascular cell types including pericytes and the glomerular mesangium. In this study, we generated FoxD1(GC);Dicer(fl/fl) transgenic mice that lack miRNA biogenesis in the FoxD1 lineage. Loss of Dicer activity resulted in multifaceted renal anomalies including perturbed nephrogenesis, expansion of nephron progenitors, decreased renin-expressing cells, fewer smooth muscle afferent arterioles, and progressive mesangial cell loss in mature glomeruli. Although the initial lineage specification of FoxD1(+) stroma was not perturbed, both the glomerular mesangium and renal interstitium exhibited ectopic apoptosis, which was associated with increased expression of Bcl2l11 (Bim) and p53 effector genes (Bax, Trp53inp1, Jun, Cdkn1a, Mmp2, and Arid3a). Using a combination of high-throughput miRNA profiling of the FoxD1(+)-derived cells and mRNA profiling of differentially expressed transcripts in FoxD1(GC);Dicer(fl/fl) kidneys, at least 72 miRNA:mRNA target interactions were identified to be suppressive of the apoptotic program. Together, the results support an indispensable role for stromal miRNAs in the regulation of apoptosis during kidney development.
| S-EPMC4632944 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhances vasopressin- and ionophore-A23187-induced prostaglandin production and arachidonate release by rat glomerular mesangial cells in culture. The purpose of the present study was to delineate the phospholipid pathways involved in this effect. In cells labelled with [14C]arachidonate, EGF significantly enhanced the free arachidonate released in response to A23187 or vasopressin without enhancing the production of [14C]arachidonate-labelled diacylglycerol. EGF increased the [14C]arachidonate-labelled phosphatidic acid formed in response to vasopressin, but to a much smaller extent than it increased free arachidonate release. These results indicate that activation of phospholipase C is not sufficient to explain the increase in free arachidonate release observed on addition of EGF. To examine if EGF enhanced phospholipase A2 activity, mesangial cells were labelled with [2-2H]glycerol and [14C]-arachidonate, and the formation of arachidonate-poor lysophospholipids was studied. When combined with vasopressin, EGF significantly enhanced the formation of arachidonate-poor lysophospholipids as compared with vasopressin alone. The fate of exogenously added lysophosphatidylcholine was not altered after stimulation with vasopressin plus EGF, indicating that decreased deacylation or reacylation of the lysophospholipids was not responsible for their accumulation. Taken together, these results indicate that EGF enhances free arachidonate release by activation of phospholipase A2. The signalling mechanism responsible for the change in phospholipase A2 activity is not known, but could conceivably involve phosphorylation of modulating proteins such as lipocortin or G-proteins.
| S-EPMC1135433 | biostudies-other
Project description:BACKGROUND:Adenomyosis is a medical condition defined by the abnormal presence of endometrial tissue within the myometrium, in which fibrosis occurs with new collagen deposition and myofibroblast differentiation. In this study, the effect of several mediators and growth factors on collagen expression was investigated on human endometrial stromal cells (fibroblasts) derived from adenomyotic endometrium. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH:RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, pharmacological interventions and siRNA interference were applied to primary cultured human endometrial stromal cells (fibroblasts). Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze protein expression in adenomyotic endometrium tissue specimens. RESULTS:Of the tested mediators, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and its isoforms were effective to induce collagen and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression. Collagen and CTGF induction by TGFβ1 could be reduced by the inhibitors targeting DNA transcription, protein translation, and Smad2/3 signaling. Interestingly, TGFβ1 induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and CTGF mRNA expression, but not collagen mRNA expression, suggesting that TGFβ1 mediates collagen expression through CTGF induction and Smad2/3 activation. In parallel, TGFβ1 and CTGF also induced expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 47, a protein required for the synthesis of several types of collagens. However, only CTGF siRNA knockdown, could compromise TGFβ1-induced collagen expression. Finally, the immunohistochemistry revealed vimentin- and α-SMA-positive staining for (myo)fibroblasts, TGFβ1, collagen, and CTGF in the subepithelial stroma region of human adenomyotic endometria. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS:We reveal here that TGFβ1, collagen, and CTGF are expressed in the stroma of adenomyotic endometria and demonstrate that TGFβ1 can induce collagen production in endometrium-derived fibroblasts through cellular Smad2/3-dependent signaling pathway and CTGF expression, suggesting that endometrial TGFβ may take part in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis and ectopic endometrium may participate in uterine adenomyosis.
| S-EPMC6350958 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Recent evidence indicates that cytokines are potent inducers of nerve growth factor (NGF) expression in peripheral tissues and in brain. Cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells respond to interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by increased NGF synthesis. We found that co-stimulation of rat glomerular mesangial cells with platelet-derived growth factor (PGDF-BB) and IL-1 beta/TNF-alpha significantly augments the IL-1 beta/TNF-alpha-induced NGF mRNA levels and NGF synthesis. In contrast, preincubation with PDGF-BB drastically reduces NGF gene expression and NGF protein synthesis in response to IL-1 beta/TNF-alpha stimulation. Thus our results indicate that PDGF-BB is a potent modulator of cytokine-induced NGF expression; its precise action is critically depending on the time at which the PDGF receptor is activated.
| S-EPMC1136171 | biostudies-other
Project description:Diabetes affects select organs such as the eyes, kidney, heart, and brain. Our recent studies show that diabetes also enhances adipogenesis in the bone marrow and reduces the number of marrow-resident vascular regenerative stem cells. In the current study, we have performed a detailed spatio-temporal examination to identify the early changes that are induced by diabetes in the bone marrow. Here we show that short-term diabetes causes structural and molecular changes in the marrow, including enhanced adipogenesis in tibiae of mice, prior to stem cell depletion. This enhanced adipogenesis was associated with suppressed transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) signaling. Using human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells, we show that TGFB pathway suppresses adipogenic differentiation through TGFB-activated kinase 1 (TAK1). These findings may inform the development of novel therapeutic targets for patients with diabetes to restore regenerative stem cell function.
| S-EPMC9616825 | biostudies-literature