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Promotion of the induction of cell pluripotency through metabolic remodeling by thyroid hormone triiodothyronine-activated PI3K/AKT signal pathway.

ABSTRACT: Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells by defined factors is a mechanism-unknown, yet extremely time-consuming process. Inefficient reprogramming leads to prolonged periods of in vitro iPSC selection, resulting in subtle genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. To facilitate pluripotent reprogramming, we have identified the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) as an endogenous factor that can enhance reprogramming of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSC). This potentiation of iPSC induction is associated with metabolic remodeling activity, including upregulation of key glycolytic genes, an increase in cell proliferation, and the induction of mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). We further identify the activation of the PI3K/AKT signal pathway by T3 as an underlying mechanism for the enhanced conversion to cell pluripotency in this model. These studies demonstrate that T3 enhances metabolic remodeling of donor cells in potentiating cell reprogramming.

SUBMITTER: Chen M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3358472 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Promotion of the induction of cell pluripotency through metabolic remodeling by thyroid hormone triiodothyronine-activated PI3K/AKT signal pathway.

Chen Mengfei M Zhang He H Wu Jie J Xu Liang L Xu Di D Sun Jingnan J He Yixin Y Zhou Xin X Wang Zhaojing Z Wu Lifang L Xu Shaokun S Wang Jinsong J Jiang Shu S Zhou Xiangjun X Hoffman Andrew R AR Hu Xiang X Hu Jifan J Li Tao T

Biomaterials 20120509 22

Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells by defined factors is a mechanism-unknown, yet extremely time-consuming process. Inefficient reprogramming leads to prolonged periods of in vitro iPSC selection, resulting in subtle genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. To facilitate pluripotent reprogramming, we have identified the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) as an endogenous factor that can enhance reprogramming of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and umbilical cor ...[more]

PMID: 22575839

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Project description:Background: L-triiodothyronine (LT3) is a substitute for levothyroxine (LT4) for thyroid cancer (TC) patients during the preparation for nuclear medicine procedures, and it is used in combination with LT4 in patients who do not respond to the standard treatment for hypothyroidism. This therapy is commonly done by using fixed doses, potentially resulting in supraphysiologic levels of triiodothyronine (T3). A good understanding of the LT3 pharmacokinetics (PK) is necessary to design combination treatment schemes that are able to maintain serum T3 levels within the reference range, but data on the PK of LT3 are conflicting. Here, we present a study designed to characterize the PK of LT3 in patients devoid of endogenous thyroid hormone production, and not receiving LT4 therapy. Methods: We performed an open-label, PK study in patients undergoing thyroid hormone withdrawal in preparation for nuclear medicine procedures for the evaluation and treatment of follicular-derived TC. LT3 was substituted for LT4 at a 1:3 mcg/mcg dosage ratio thrice daily for at least 30 days. PK of the last LT3 dose while at steady state and terminal elimination was assessed over 11 days. Thereafter, a PK study was performed following the nuclear medicine procedure in patients who volunteered for a second study. Results: Fourteen patients age 48.5?±?16.0 years completed the last dose study and five completed the second PK study. PK analysis indicates a time to maximum serum concentration of 1.8?±?0.32 hours and two distinct phases of linear elimination, with a fast distribution phase and slow elimination phases with half-lives of 2.3?±?0.11 hours and 22.9?±?7.7 hours, supporting a two-compartment model. PK modeling predicts that a twice-daily administration of low-dose LT3 (0.07 mcg/kg twice daily) in combination with LT4 can predictably increase the serum T3 concentration without significant peaks above the reference range. Conclusions: The PK of LT3 is well described by a two-compartment model that assumes elimination only from the sampling compartment, with a rapid distribution phase and a slow elimination phase. This information will contribute to design therapeutic strategies for LT3/LT4 combination therapies directed to maintain stable T3 serum levels.

Project description:Thyroid dysfunction is associated with changes in coagulation. The aim of our study was to gain more insight into the role of thyroid hormone in coagulation control. C57Black/6J mice received a low-iodine diet and drinking water supplemented with perchlorate to suppress endogenous triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) production. Under these conditions, the impact of exogenous T3 on plasma coagulation, and hepatic and vessel-wall-associated coagulation gene transcription was studied in a short- (4 hours) and long-term (14 days) setting. Comparing euthyroid conditions (normal mice), with hypothyroidism (conditions of a shortage of thyroid hormone) and those with replacement by incremental doses of T3, dosages of 0 and 0.5 μg T3/mouse/day were selected to study the impact of T3 on coagulation gene transcription. Under these conditions, a single injection of T3 injection increased strongly hepatic transcript levels of the well-characterized T3-responsive genes deiodinase type 1 (Dio1) and Spot14 within 4 hours. This coincided with significantly reduced mRNA levels of Fgg, Serpinc1, Proc, Proz, and Serpin10, and the reduction of the latter three persisted upon daily treatment with T3 for 14 days. Prolonged T3 treatment induced a significant down-regulation in factor (F) 2, F9 and F10 transcript levels, while F11 and F12 levels increased. Activity levels in plasma largely paralleled these mRNA changes. Thbd transcript levels in the lung (vessel-wall-associated coagulation) were significantly up-regulated after a single T3 injection, and persisted upon prolonged T3 exposure. Two-week T3 administration also resulted in increased Vwf and Tfpi mRNA levels, whereas Tf levels decreased. These data showed that T3 has specific effects on coagulation, with Fgg, Serpinc1, Proc, Proz, Serpin10 and Thbd responding rapidly, making these likely direct thyroid hormone receptor targets. F2, F9, F10, F11, F12, Vwf, Tf and Tfpi are late responding genes and probably indirectly modulated by T3.

Dataset Information

Promotion of the induction of cell pluripotency through metabolic remodeling by thyroid hormone triiodothyronine-activated PI3K/AKT signal pathway.

Publications

Promotion of the induction of cell pluripotency through metabolic remodeling by thyroid hormone triiodothyronine-activated PI3K/AKT signal pathway.

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