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Tolvaptan in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: three years' experience.

ABSTRACT: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a frequent cause of end-stage renal disease, has no cure. V2-specific vasopressin receptor antagonists delay disease progression in animal models.This is a prospectively designed analysis of annual total kidney volume (TKV) and thrice annual estimated GFR (eGFR) measurements, from two 3-year studies of tolvaptan in 63 ADPKD subjects randomly matched 1:2 to historical controls by gender, hypertension, age, and baseline TKV or eGFR. Prespecified end points were group differences in log-TKV (primary) and eGFR (secondary) slopes for month 36 completers, using linear mixed model (LMM) analysis. Sensitivity analyses of primary and secondary end points included LMM using all subject data and mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) of change from baseline at each year. Pearson correlation tested the association between log-TKV and eGFR changes.Fifty-one subjects (81%) completed 3 years of tolvaptan therapy; all experienced adverse events (AEs), with AEs accounting for six of 12 withdrawals. Baseline TKV (controls 1422, tolvaptan 1635 ml) and eGFR (both 62 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)) were similar. Control TKV increased 5.8% versus 1.7%/yr for tolvaptan (P < 0.001, estimated ratio of geometric mean 0.96 [95% confidence interval 0.95 to 0.97]). Corresponding annualized eGFR declined: -2.1 versus -0.71 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)/yr (P = 0.01, LMM group difference 1.1 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)/yr [95% confidence interval 0.24 to 1.9]). Sensitivity analyses including withdrawn subjects were similar, whereas MMRM analyses were significant at each year for TKV and nonsignificant for eGFR. Increasing TKV correlated with decreasing eGFR (r = -0.21, P < 0.01).ADPKD cyst growth progresses more slowly with tolvaptan than in historical controls, but AEs are common.

SUBMITTER: Higashihara E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3359559 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Tolvaptan in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: three years' experience.

Higashihara Eiji E Torres Vicente E VE Chapman Arlene B AB Grantham Jared J JJ Bae Kyongtae K Watnick Terry J TJ Horie Shigeo S Nutahara Kikuo K Ouyang John J Krasa Holly B HB Czerwiec Frank S FS

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 20110908 10

<h4>Background and objectives</h4>Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a frequent cause of end-stage renal disease, has no cure. V2-specific vasopressin receptor antagonists delay disease progression in animal models.<h4>Design, setting, participants, and measurements</h4>This is a prospectively designed analysis of annual total kidney volume (TKV) and thrice annual estimated GFR (eGFR) measurements, from two 3-year studies of tolvaptan in 63 ADPKD subjects randomly matched 1:2 ...[more]

PMID: 21903984

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Project description:BackgroundThe course of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is often associated with pain, hypertension, and kidney failure. Preclinical studies indicated that vasopressin V(2)-receptor antagonists inhibit cyst growth and slow the decline of kidney function.MethodsIn this phase 3, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-year trial, we randomly assigned 1445 patients, 18 to 50 years of age, who had ADPKD with a total kidney volume of 750 ml or more and an estimated creatinine clearance of 60 ml per minute or more, in a 2:1 ratio to receive tolvaptan, a V(2)-receptor antagonist, at the highest of three twice-daily dose regimens that the patient found tolerable, or placebo. The primary outcome was the annual rate of change in the total kidney volume. Sequential secondary end points included a composite of time to clinical progression (defined as worsening kidney function, kidney pain, hypertension, and albuminuria) and rate of kidney-function decline.ResultsOver a 3-year period, the increase in total kidney volume in the tolvaptan group was 2.8% per year (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5 to 3.1), versus 5.5% per year in the placebo group (95% CI, 5.1 to 6.0; P<0.001). The composite end point favored tolvaptan over placebo (44 vs. 50 events per 100 follow-up-years, P=0.01), with lower rates of worsening kidney function (2 vs. 5 events per 100 person-years of follow-up, P<0.001) and kidney pain (5 vs. 7 events per 100 person-years of follow-up, P=0.007). Tolvaptan was associated with a slower decline in kidney function (reciprocal of the serum creatinine level, -2.61 [mg per milliliter](-1) per year vs. -3.81 [mg per milliliter](-1) per year; P<0.001). There were fewer ADPKD-related adverse events in the tolvaptan group but more events related to aquaresis (excretion of electrolyte-free water) and hepatic adverse events unrelated to ADPKD, contributing to a higher discontinuation rate (23%, vs. 14% in the placebo group).ConclusionsTolvaptan, as compared with placebo, slowed the increase in total kidney volume and the decline in kidney function over a 3-year period in patients with ADPKD but was associated with a higher discontinuation rate, owing to adverse events. (Funded by Otsuka Pharmaceuticals and Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development and Commercialization; TEMPO 3:4 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00428948.).

Project description:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:In the 3-year Tolvaptan Efficacy and Safety in Management of ADPKD and Its Outcomes (TEMPO) 3:4 and 1-year Replicating Evidence of Preserved Renal Function: an Investigation of Tolvaptan Safety and Efficacy in ADPKD (REPRISE) trials, tolvaptan slowed the decline of eGFR in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease at early and later stages of CKD, respectively. Our objective was to ascertain whether the reduction associated with the administration of tolvaptan is sustained, cumulative, and likely to delay the need for kidney replacement therapy. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS:One hundred and twenty-eight patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease participated in clinical trials of tolvaptan at the Mayo Clinic. All had the opportunity to enroll into open-label extension studies. Twenty participated in short-term studies or received placebo only. The remaining 108 were analyzed for safety. Ninety seven patients treated with tolvaptan for ?1 year (mean±SD, 4.6±2.8; range, 1.1-11.2) were analyzed for efficacy using three approaches: (1) comparison of eGFR slopes and outcome (33% reduction from baseline eGFR) to controls matched by sex, age, and baseline eGFR; (2) Stability of eGFR slopes with duration of follow-up; and (3) comparison of observed and predicted eGFRs at last follow-up. RESULTS:Patients treated with tolvaptan had lower eGFR slopes from baseline (mean±SD, -2.20±2.18 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year) and from month 1 (mean±SD, -1.97±2.44 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year) compared with controls (mean±SD, -3.50±2.09 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year; P<0.001), and lower risk of a 33% reduction in eGFR (risk ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.98 from baseline; risk ratio, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.31 to 0.85 from month 1). Annualized eGFR slopes of patients treated with tolvaptan did not change during follow-up and differences between observed and predicted eGFRs at last follow-up increased with duration of treatment. CONCLUSIONS:Follow-up for up to 11.2 years (average 4.6 years) showed a sustained reduction in the annual rate of eGFR decline in patients treated with tolvaptan compared with controls and an increasing separation of eGFR values over time between the two groups.

Project description:Background and objectivesTolvaptan slows kidney function decline in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) at risk of rapid progression. In the 3-year Tolvaptan Efficacy and Safety in Management of ADPKD and Its Outcomes (TEMPO) 3:4, 2-year extension to TEMPO 3:4 (TEMPO 4:4), and 1-year Replicating Evidence of Preserved Renal Function: An Investigation of Tolvaptan Safety and Efficacy in ADPKD (REPRISE) trials, aquaretic adverse events were common. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevations occurred in all three studies. Three patients met Hy Law criteria (ALT or AST more than three times and total bilirubin more than two times the upper limit of normal) for severe drug-induced liver injury (two in TEMPO 3:4 and one in TEMPO 4:4). In REPRISE, liver enzyme monitoring frequency was increased to monthly, with no Hy Law cases. A long-term, phase 3 safety study has further characterized tolvaptan safety.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsSubjects who completed TEMPO 4:4, REPRISE, or other tolvaptan trials could enroll in this prospective, multinational, open-label safety study. Assessments included monthly liver enzyme testing during the first 18 months of tolvaptan exposure and every 3 months thereafter.ResultsAmong 1803 subjects, median tolvaptan exposure during the extension was 651 days (interquartile range, 538-924), and cumulative exposure (extension and previous trials) was ≤11 years. Subjects entering from REPRISE placebo experienced more aquaretic adverse events compared with subjects from TEMPO 4:4 or REPRISE tolvaptan (i.e., patients with prior long-term tolvaptan exposure). Liver enzyme elevations also occurred more frequently in subjects from REPRISE placebo. Percentages experiencing ALT ≥3/≥5/ ≥10/≥20 times the upper limit of normal were 3.2%/2.1%/0.9%/0.7%, respectively, in subjects from REPRISE placebo and 0.6%-1.1%/0.0%-0.1%/0%/0%, respectively, in those from REPRISE tolvaptan and TEMPO 4:4. Percentages experiencing AST ≥3/ ≥5/≥10/≥20 times the upper limit of normal were 6.9%/3.8%/2.3%/0.8%, respectively, in subjects from REPRISE placebo and 0.9%-2.0%/0.0%-1.0%/0%/0%, respectively, in those from REPRISE tolvaptan and TEMPO 4:4. No Hy Law cases occurred.ConclusionsNo new safety signals emerged during this long-term extension. Monthly liver function testing for the first 18 months of treatment appeared to enable effective detection and management of transaminase elevations.Clinical trial registry name and registration numberOpen Label Extension of TEMPO 3:4, NCT02251275.

Dataset Information

Tolvaptan in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: three years' experience.

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Tolvaptan in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: three years' experience.

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