Dataset Information

Altered ?-secretase activity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

ABSTRACT: We investigated why the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of A?42 are lower in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Because A?38/42 and A?40/43 are distinct product/precursor pairs, these four species in the CSF together should faithfully reflect the status of brain ?-secretase activity, and were quantified by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in the CSF from controls and MCI/AD patients. Decreases in the levels of the precursors, A?42 and 43, in MCI/AD CSF tended to accompany increases in the levels of the products, A?38 and 40, respectively. The ratios A?40/43 versus A?38/42 in CSF (each representing cleavage efficiency of A?43 or A?42) were largely proportional to each other but generally higher in MCI/AD patients compared to control subjects. These data suggest that ?-secretase activity in MCI/AD patients is enhanced at the conversion of A?43 and 42 to A?40 and 38, respectively. Consequently, we measured the in vitro activity of raft-associated ?-secretase isolated from control as well as MCI/AD brains and found the same, significant alterations in the ?-secretase activity in MCI/AD brains.

SUBMITTER: Kakuda N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3376855 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Altered γ-secretase activity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

Kakuda Nobuto N Shoji Mikio M Arai Hiroyuki H Furukawa Katsutoshi K Ikeuchi Takeshi T Akazawa Kohei K Takami Mako M Hatsuta Hiroyuki H Murayama Shigeo S Hashimoto Yasuhiro Y Miyajima Masakazu M Arai Hajime H Nagashima Yu Y Yamaguchi Haruyasu H Kuwano Ryozo R Nagaike Kazuhiro K Ihara Yasuo Y

EMBO molecular medicine 20120221 4

We investigated why the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of Aβ42 are lower in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Because Aβ38/42 and Aβ40/43 are distinct product/precursor pairs, these four species in the CSF together should faithfully reflect the status of brain γ-secretase activity, and were quantified by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in the CSF from controls and MCI/AD patients. Decreases in the levels of the precursors, Aβ42 and 43, i ...[more]

PMID: 22354516

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Project description:The most common pathogenesis for familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) involves misprocessing (or alternative processing) of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by ?-secretase due to mutations of the presenilin 1 (PS1) gene. This misprocessing/alternative processing leads to an increase in the ratio of the level of a minor ?-secretase reaction product (A?42) to that of the major reaction product (A?40). Although no PS1 mutations are present, altered A?42/40 ratios are also observed in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD), and these altered ratios apparently reflect deposition of A?42 as amyloid.Using immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry with quantitative accuracy, we analyzed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of various clinical populations the peptide products generated by processing of not only APP but also an unrelated protein, alcadein (Alc). Alc undergoes metabolism by the identical APP ?-secretases and ?-secretases, yielding a fragment that we have named p3-Alc(?) because of the parallel genesis of p3-Alc(?) peptides and the p3 fragment of APP. As with A?, both major and minor p3-Alc(?) s are generated. We studied the alternative processing of p3-Alc(?) in various clinical populations.We previously reported that changes in the A?42/40 ratio showed covariance in a linear relationship with the levels of p3-Alc(?) [minor/major] ratio in media conditioned by cells expressing FAD-linked PS1 mutants. Here we studied the speciation of p3-Alc(?) in the CSF from 3 groups of human subjects (n = 158): elderly nondemented control subjects; mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects with a clinical dementia rating (CDR) of 0.5; SAD subjects with CDR of 1.0; and other neurological disease (OND) control subjects. The CSF minor p3-Alc(?) variant, p3-Alc(?) 38, was elevated (p < 0.05) in MCI subjects or SAD subjects, depending upon whether the data were pooled and analyzed as a single cohort or analyzed individually as 3 separate cohorts.These results suggest that some SAD may involve alternative processing of multiple ?-secretase substrates, raising the possibility that the molecular pathogenesis of SAD might involve ?-secretase dysfunction.

Project description:(1) Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects cognitive function, causes changes in the functional connectivity of the default-mode network (DMN). However, the question of whether AD-related changes occur in the functional connectivity of the basal ganglia has rarely been specifically analyzed. This study aimed to measure the changes in basal ganglia functional connectivity among patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in their resting state using the functional connectivity density (FCD) value, the functional connectivity (FC) intensity, and the graph theory index, and to confirm their influence on clinical manifestations. (2) Methods: Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) and neuropsychological data from 48 participants in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) were used for analyses. The 48 ADNI participants comprised 16 patients with AD, 16 patients with MCI, and 16 normal controls (NCs). The functional connectivity of basal ganglia was evaluated by FCDs, FC strength, and graph theory index. We compared voxel-based FCD values between groups to show specific regions with significant variation and significant connectivity from ROI conduction to ROI analysis. Pearson's correlation analyses between functional connectivity and several simultaneous clinical variables were also conducted. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses associated with classification were conducted for both FCD values and graph theory indices. (3) Results: The level of FCD in patients with cognitive impairment showed obvious abnormalities (including short-range and long-range FCD). In addition to DMN-related regions, aberrant functional connectivity was also found to be present in the basal ganglia, especially in the caudate and amygdala. The FCD values of the basal ganglia (involving the caudate and amygdala) were closely related to scores from the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ); meanwhile, the graph theory indices (involving global efficiency and degree) of the basal ganglia (involving the caudate, amygdala, and putamen) were also found to be closely correlated with MMSE scores. In ROC analyses of both FCD and graph theory, the amygdala was of the utmost importance in the early-stage detection of MCI; additionally, the caudate nucleus was found to be crucial in the progression of cognitive decline and AD diagnosis. (4) Conclusions: It was systematically confirmed that there is a phenomenon of change in the functional connections in the basal ganglia during cognitive decline. The findings of this study could improve our understanding of AD and MCI pathology in the basal ganglia and make it possible to propose new targets for AD treatment in further studies.

Project description:BackgroundIncreasing evidence implicates oxidative stress (OS) in Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Depletion of the brain antioxidant glutathione (GSH) may be important in OS-mediated neurodegeneration, though studies of post-mortem brain GSH changes in AD have been inconclusive. Recent in vivo measurements of the brain and blood GSH may shed light on GSH changes earlier in the disease.AimTo quantitatively review in vivo GSH in AD and MCI compared to healthy controls (HC) using meta-analyses.MethodStudies with in vivo brain or blood GSH levels in MCI or AD with a HC group were identified using MEDLINE, PsychInfo, and Embase (1947-June 2020). Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for outcomes using random effects models. Outcome measures included brain GSH (Meshcher-Garwood Point Resolved Spectroscopy (MEGA-PRESS) versus non-MEGA-PRESS) and blood GSH (intracellular versus extracellular) in AD and MCI. The Q statistic and Egger's test were used to assess heterogeneity and risk of publication bias, respectively.ResultsFor brain GSH, 4 AD (AD=135, HC=223) and 4 MCI (MCI=213, HC=211) studies were included. For blood GSH, 26 AD (AD=1203, HC=1135) and 7 MCI (MCI=434, HC=408) studies were included. Brain GSH overall did not differ in AD or MCI compared to HC; however, the subgroup of studies using MEGA-PRESS reported lower brain GSH in AD (SMD [95%CI] -1.45 [-1.83, -1.06], p<0.001) and MCI (-1.15 [-1.71, -0.59], z=4.0, p<0.001). AD had lower intracellular and extracellular blood GSH overall (-0.87 [-1. 30, -0.44], z=3.96, p<0.001). In a subgroup analysis, intracellular GSH was lower in MCI (-0.66 [-1.11, -0.21], p=0.025). Heterogeneity was observed throughout (I2 >85%) and not fully accounted by subgroup analysis. Egger's test indicated risk of publication bias.ConclusionBlood intracellular GSH decrease is seen in MCI, while both intra- and extracellular decreases were seen in AD. Brain GSH is decreased in AD and MCI in subgroup analysis. Potential bias and heterogeneity suggest the need for measurement standardization and additional studies to explore sources of heterogeneity.

Dataset Information

Altered ?-secretase activity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

Publications

Altered γ-secretase activity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

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