Dataset Information

Age-specific sex-related differences in infections: a statistical analysis of national surveillance data in Japan.

ABSTRACT:

Background

To prevent and control infectious diseases, it is important to understand how sex and age influence morbidity rates, but consistent clear descriptions of differences in the reported incidence of infectious diseases in terms of sex and age are sparse.

Methods and findings

Data from the Japanese surveillance system for infectious diseases from 2000 to 2009 were used in the analysis of seven viral and four bacterial infectious diseases with relatively large impact on the Japanese community. The male-to-female morbidity (MFM) ratios in different age groups were estimated to compare incidence rates of symptomatic reported infection between the sexes at different ages. MFM ratios were >1 for five viral infections out of seven in childhood, i.e. male children were more frequently reported as infected than females with pharyngoconjunctival fever, herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, mumps, and varicella. More males were also reported to be infected with erythema infectiosum and exanthema subitum, but only in children 1 year of age. By contrast, in adulthood the MFM ratios decreased to <1 for all of the viral infections above except varicella, i.e. adult women were more frequently reported to be infected than men. Sex- and age-related differences in reported morbidity were also documented for bacterial infections. Reported morbidity for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection was higher in adult females and females were reportedly more infected with mycoplasma pneumonia than males in all age groups up to 70 years.

Conclusions

Sex-related differences in reported morbidity for viral and bacterial infections were documented among different age groups. Changes in MFM ratios with age may reflect differences between the sexes in underlying development processes, including those affecting the immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems, or differences in reporting rates.

SUBMITTER: Eshima N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3407080 | biostudies-literature | 2012

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Age-specific sex-related differences in infections: a statistical analysis of national surveillance data in Japan.

Eshima Nobuoki N Tokumaru Osamu O Hara Shohei S Bacal Kira K Korematsu Seigo S Karukaya Shigeru S Uruma Kiyo K Okabe Nobuhiko N Matsuishi Toyojiro T

PloS one 20120727 7

<h4>Background</h4>To prevent and control infectious diseases, it is important to understand how sex and age influence morbidity rates, but consistent clear descriptions of differences in the reported incidence of infectious diseases in terms of sex and age are sparse.<h4>Methods and findings</h4>Data from the Japanese surveillance system for infectious diseases from 2000 to 2009 were used in the analysis of seven viral and four bacterial infectious diseases with relatively large impact on the J ...[more]

PMID: 22848753

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Project description:BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is now recognized as a major threat to public health, and surveillance of AMR is essential for successful containment. In 2000, Japan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (JANIS) Clinical Laboratory (CL) division has been launched as a voluntary AMR surveillance funded by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and managed by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases. In this study, we aimed to propose a model of sustainable national AMR surveillance which provides not only national AMR surveillance reports but also benchmarking reports to each hospital to facilitate infection control practices.MethodsJANIS CL division collects comprehensive specimen-based data complies with JANIS data format from participating hospitals each month. It had targeted only blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples but was expanded to all types of specimens in 2007 at revision of JANIS. The JANIS system interprets the antimicrobial susceptibility according to the same criteria and conducts removal of duplicates to allow accurate comparison between hospitals. Monthly feedback reports are created automatically within 48 h, while quarterly and annual reports are generated after data validation.ResultsAt the beginning, 468 hospitals were enrolled in the JANIS CL division, but the number of hospitals that submitted data decreased to 210 (45%) in 2006. After surveillance revision in 2007, annual recruitment of hospitals was initiated and as of 2015, 1475 hospitals participated, and 1461 (99%) of them submitted data throughout the year. Nationwide surveillance data collected over the past decade revealed that the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has decreased since 2008, and that its prevalence is higher in the western part of Japan, where the number of hospitals per capita is higher than in the eastern part.ConclusionsJANIS CL division serves a model of sustainable national AMR surveillance system. Comprehensive data for all specimens promotes understanding of the sampling frequency and prevalence of AMR. As a well-established system for providing rich information to guide action both locally and nationally, JANIS may also be utilized for sharing AMR data globally.

Project description:Objective:The goal of this study was to identify changes in quantitative and qualitative aspects of neonatal ultrasonic vocalizations USVs in neuron-subset specific (NS-Pten) knockout males and females when compared with wild-type male and female mice. Background:One signaling cascade that plays a crucial role in the development of an autistic-like phenotype is the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Mouse models that illustrate this connection include Fmr1, Tsc1, and NS-Pten-deficient mice. While numerous studies have investigated ultrasonic vocalizations in Fmr1 knockout and Tsc1 heterogenous mice, none have investigated USVs in NS-Pten knockout mice using a full spectrum recording system. Methods:We recorded ultrasonic vocalizations from NS-Pten wild-type and knockout male and female mice on postnatal days 8 and 11. On these days, we measured the number and quality of calls emitted from pups when they were removed from their mothers. Results:We found that knockout pups emitted fewer vocalizations for both sexes (p < .05). Knockout males had calls of a shorter duration and lower peak amplitude on day 8, while showing a shorter duration, lower peak amplitude, and higher peak and fundamental frequency on day 11 (p < .001). Knockout females vocalized at a lower peak amplitude and fundamental frequency, and a higher peak frequency on day 8, while showing a shorter duration and a higher peak and fundamental frequency on day 11 (p < .001). Spectrographic analyses also revealed significant differences in call type for both genotypes and sexes (p < .05). Conclusions:These findings demonstrate that deletion of NS-Pten results in significant decreases in vocalizations across both sexes. Additionally, our findings indicate that the aberrant vocalizations and increased call duration seen in other mTOR models are also present in NS-Pten knockout mice. Our study provides evidence of a connection between hyperactive mTOR signaling and neonatal ultrasonic vocalizations.

Dataset Information

Age-specific sex-related differences in infections: a statistical analysis of national surveillance data in Japan.

Background

Methods and findings

Conclusions

Publications

Age-specific sex-related differences in infections: a statistical analysis of national surveillance data in Japan.

Similar Datasets

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