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A hydrogel derived from decellularized dermal extracellular matrix.

ABSTRACT: The ECM of mammalian tissues has been used as a scaffold to facilitate the repair and reconstruction of numerous tissues. Such scaffolds are prepared in many forms including sheets, powders, and hydrogels. ECM hydrogels provide advantages such as injectability, the ability to fill an irregularly shaped space, and the inherent bioactivity of native matrix. However, material properties of ECM hydrogels and the effect of these properties upon cell behavior are neither well understood nor controlled. The objective of this study was to prepare and determine the structure, mechanics, and the cell response in vitro and in vivo of ECM hydrogels prepared from decellularized porcine dermis and urinary bladder tissues. Dermal ECM hydrogels were characterized by a more dense fiber architecture and greater mechanical integrity than urinary bladder ECM hydrogels, and showed a dose dependent increase in mechanical properties with ECM concentration. In vitro, dermal ECM hydrogels supported greater C2C12 myoblast fusion, and less fibroblast infiltration and less fibroblast mediated hydrogel contraction than urinary bladder ECM hydrogels. Both hydrogels were rapidly infiltrated by host cells, primarily macrophages, when implanted in a rat abdominal wall defect. Both ECM hydrogels degraded by 35 days in vivo, but UBM hydrogels degraded more quickly, and with greater amounts of myogenesis than dermal ECM. These results show that ECM hydrogel properties can be varied and partially controlled by the scaffold tissue source, and that these properties can markedly affect cell behavior.

SUBMITTER: Wolf MT

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3408574 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A hydrogel derived from decellularized dermal extracellular matrix.

Wolf Matthew T MT Daly Kerry A KA Brennan-Pierce Ellen P EP Johnson Scott A SA Carruthers Christopher A CA D'Amore Antonio A Nagarkar Shailesh P SP Velankar Sachin S SS Badylak Stephen F SF

Biomaterials 20120711 29

The ECM of mammalian tissues has been used as a scaffold to facilitate the repair and reconstruction of numerous tissues. Such scaffolds are prepared in many forms including sheets, powders, and hydrogels. ECM hydrogels provide advantages such as injectability, the ability to fill an irregularly shaped space, and the inherent bioactivity of native matrix. However, material properties of ECM hydrogels and the effect of these properties upon cell behavior are neither well understood nor controlled ...[more]

PMID: 22789723

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Project description:Porcine (Sus scrofa domesticus) small intestinal mucosal layers from the ‘Pietrain’ breed were used. To harvest the intestine, one end was cut in situ and the internal tube was pulled out leaving behind the external layer and mesentery. The retrieved mucosal tissue is then extensively cleaned with deionized water (dH2O), opened longitudinally, cut into 1 cm pieces and placed in dH2O to begin the first step of decellularization. The 1cm pieces of intestine were placed in dH2O overnight at 4°C and then in 4% sodium deoxycholate for 4hr at room temperature (RT). This was followed by a washing step in PBS (phosphate buffer saline) for 30min at RT and then 2000kU DNase-I in 1M NaCl for 3hr at RT. The tissue was then placed in milliQ water and washed for 3 days at 4C, changing the water daily. A magnetic stirrer was used throughout the decellularization process. The decellularized porcine intestine was freeze dried overnight or until completely dry, milled into a thin powder using a mini mill, gamma irradiated (17 kGy for 10h) and stored at -20C until further use. The lyophilized ECM powder was split into 3 biological replicates, each processed independently and analyzed in triplicate by LC-MS/MS. The powder was resuspended in lysis buffer and two spike-in proteins (each at 0.5 µg/100 µg of protein powder) were added: carnitine monooxygenase oxygenase subunit (cntA, D0C9N6) from Acinetobacter baumannii, and CTP synthase (CTPsyn, Q9VUL1) from Drosophila melanogaster. Protein extraction was performed by heating at 90°C for 10 min, and centrifuging at maximum velocity for 10 min at 4°C. ECM-derived proteins were reduced in 0.1 M dithiothreitol (DTT) at 95°C for 5 min, dissolved in 8 M urea solution after cooling down to room temperature, alkylated with 55 mM iodoacetamide for 30 min at 25°C in the dark. Alkylated proteins were purified using Microcon YM-10 filter unit for 8 times at 14000g for 40min followed by trypsin digestion for 16 h at 37°C. pH was adjusted to 3 by addition of formic acid. Peptides were desalted by C-18 column and dried into powder and were then re-suspended in 30 µl 0.1% acetic acid for the following mass spectrometry analysis. Protein identification by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed using Thermo Fusion Mass Spectrometer with Thermo Easy-nLC1000 Liquid Chromatography. 130 min of LC-MS gradients were performed by increasing organic proportion. The first level of MS was detected by Orbitrap with parameter of Resolution at 120K, Scan Rang at 300-1800 m/z, Mass Tolerance at 10 ppm. The second level of MS was isolated by Quadrupole, activated by HCD and detected by Orbitrap. The Orbitrap Resolution for the second level of MS was 30K. Peak files .mzXML were obtained by RawConverter starting from .raw files. Starting from peak files, the mass spectrometry–derived data were searched against a human protein database (Uniprot Homo sapiens reference proteome, UP000005640) by MaxQuant v. 1.6.7.0. Oxidation of methionine residues and acetyl of protein N-term were set as variable modifications. Carbamidomethyl on cysteine was set as fixed modification. Peptide-spectrum matches (PSMs) were adjusted to a 1% and then assembled further to a final protein-level false discovery rate (FDR) of 1%.

Project description:Tissue engineering promises to restore or replace diseased or damaged tissue by creating functional and transplantable artificial tissues. The development of artificial tissues with large dimensions that exceed the diffusion limitation will require nutrients and oxygen to be delivered via perfusion instead of diffusion alone over a short time period. One approach to perfusion is to vascularize engineered tissues, creating a de novo three-dimensional (3D) microvascular network within the tissue construct. This significantly shortens the time of in vivo anastomosis, perfusion and graft integration with the host. In this study, we aimed to develop injectable allogeneic collagen-phenolic hydroxyl (collagen-Ph) hydrogels that are capable of controlling a wide range of physicochemical properties, including stiffness, water absorption and degradability. We tested whether collagen-Ph hydrogels could support the formation of vascularized engineered tissue graft by human blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in vivo. First, we studied the growth of adherent ECFCs and MSCs on or in the hydrogels. To examine the potential formation of functional vascular networks in vivo, a liquid pre-polymer solution of collagen-Ph containing human ECFCs and MSCs, horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide was injected into the subcutaneous space or abdominal muscle defect of an immunodeficient mouse before gelation, to form a 3D cell-laden polymerized construct. These results showed that extensive human ECFC-lined vascular networks can be generated within 7 days, the engineered vascular density inside collagen-Ph hydrogel constructs can be manipulated through refinable mechanical properties and proteolytic degradability, and these networks can form functional anastomoses with the existing vasculature to further support the survival of host muscle tissues. Finally, optimized conditions of the cell-laden collagen-Ph hydrogel resulted in not only improving the long-term differentiation of transplanted MSCs into mineralized osteoblasts, but the collagen-Ph hydrogel also improved an increased of adipocytes within the vascularized bioengineered tissue in a mouse after 1 month of implantation.Statement of significanceWe reported a method for preparing autologous extracellular matrix scaffolds, murine collagen-Ph hydrogels, and demonstrated its suitability for use in supporting human progenitor cell-based formation of 3D vascular networks in vitro and in vivo. Results showed extensive human vascular networks can be generated within 7 days, engineered vascular density inside collagen-Ph constructs can be manipulated through refinable mechanical properties and proteolytic degradability, and these networks can form functional anastomoses with existing vasculature to further support the survival of host muscle tissues. Moreover, optimized conditions of cell-laden collagen-Ph hydrogel resulted in not only improving the long-term differentiation of transplanted MSCs into mineralized osteoblasts, but the collagen-Ph hydrogel also improved an increased of adipocytes within the vascularized bioengineered tissue in a mouse.

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A hydrogel derived from decellularized dermal extracellular matrix.

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A hydrogel derived from decellularized dermal extracellular matrix.

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