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Malaria drug resistance: new observations and developments.

ABSTRACT: Drug-resistant micro-organisms became widespread in the 20th Century, often with devastating consequences, in response to widespread use of natural and synthetic drugs against infectious diseases. Antimalarial resistance provides one of the earliest examples, following the introduction of new medicines that filled important needs for prophylaxis and treatment around the globe. In the present chapter, we offer a brief synopsis of major antimalarial developments from two natural remedies, the qinghaosu and cinchona bark infusions, and of synthetic drugs inspired by the active components of these remedies. We review some contributions that early efficacy studies of antimalarial treatment brought to clinical pharmacology, including convincing documentation of atebrine-resistant malaria in the 1940s, prior to the launching of what soon became first-choice antimalarials, chloroquine and amodiaquine. Finally, we discuss some new observations on the molecular genetics of drug resistance, including delayed parasite clearances that have been increasingly observed in response to artemisinin derivatives in regions of South-East Asia.

SUBMITTER: Sa JM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3428136 | biostudies-literature | 2011

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Malaria drug resistance: new observations and developments.

Sá Juliana M JM Chong Jason L JL Wellems Thomas E TE

Essays in biochemistry 20110101

Drug-resistant micro-organisms became widespread in the 20th Century, often with devastating consequences, in response to widespread use of natural and synthetic drugs against infectious diseases. Antimalarial resistance provides one of the earliest examples, following the introduction of new medicines that filled important needs for prophylaxis and treatment around the globe. In the present chapter, we offer a brief synopsis of major antimalarial developments from two natural remedies, the qing ...[more]

PMID: 22023447

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Project description:Examination of molecular basis of malaria resistance. Spleens from malaria resistant AcB55 and AcB61strains compared with A/J mice. Animals were sacrificed and spleens were rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen, and subsequently stored at 80oC. Tissues were mechanically homogenized with a polytron and total cellular RNA was extracted using a commercially available reagent (TMTRIzol; Invitrogen). The poly-(A)+ fraction of the RNA was isolated by chromatography with oligo d(T) cellulose beads. For cDNA labeling, either 25 mg of total RNA or 2.5 mg of poly-(A) RNA was converted into cDNA using reverse transcriptase (RT; Super Script II, Invitrogen) and alternatively Cy5 or Cy3-labeled dCTP (1mM, Perkin Elmer-Cetus/NEN, Boston) in a reaction mixture containing 1.5 mL oligo (dT) (100pmol/ mL), 3 mL dNTP-dCTP (6.67mM each), 1 mL dCTP (2mM), 4 mL DTT (100mM), 8 mL 5 X RT Buffer (Invitrogen, California). The reactions were carried out at 42¼C for 3 hrs, after which the RNA was degraded by the addition of 0.5 mL RNase A (1 mg/mL) and 1.5 mL RNaseH 5 units/mL). Labeled cDNA was separated from unincorporated nucleotides (Qiagen column) and further concentrated by evaporation under vacuum. The arrays were pre-hybridized for 1-2hrs with DIGEasy hybridization buffer (Roche) containing 10ug/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA, and 10ug/ml yeast tRNA. The Cy5 and Cy3 labelled cDNAs were combined and hybridized in the same medium and incubated with the arrays for 16-18hrs at 37Co. Finally, the arrays were washed 3 x 10 mins in 0.1 x SSC (20 X SSC is 3M sodium chloride, 0.3 M sodium citrate, pH 7.0), 0.1%SDS at 50Co, and 4 x 3min in 0.1 x SSC at room temperature, and dried by centrifugation. Fluorescent array images were collected for both Cy3 and Cy5 with a ScanArray fluorescent scanner and image intensity data were extracted and analyzed with QuantArray 3.0 analysis software. Quantification data was imported in GeneSpring (Silicon Genetics). The import format was modified to maintain information relevant to user-contributed flagging as well as QC parameter furnished by the array manufacturer. Dye swap and Intensity-based normalization (Lowess) were performed using the default settings. Keywords: other

Dataset Information

Malaria drug resistance: new observations and developments.

Publications

Malaria drug resistance: new observations and developments.

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