Dataset Information

Prenatal and early childhood exposure to tetrachloroethylene and adult vision.

ABSTRACT: Tetrachloroethylene (PCE; or perchloroethylene) has been implicated in visual impairments among adults with occupational and environmental exposures as well as children born to women with occupational exposure during pregnancy.Using a population-based retrospective cohort study, we examined the association between prenatal and early childhood exposure to PCE-contaminated drinking water on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and deficits in adult color vision and contrast sensitivity.We estimated the amount of PCE that was delivered to the family residence from participants' gestation through 5 years of age. We administered to this now adult study population vision tests to assess acuity, contrast sensitivity, and color discrimination.Participants exposed to higher PCE levels exhibited lower contrast sensitivity at intermediate and high spatial frequencies compared with unexposed participants, although the differences were generally not statistically significant. Exposed participants also exhibited poorer color discrimination than unexposed participants. The difference in mean color confusion indices (CCI) was statistically significant for the Farnsworth test but not Lanthony's D-15d test [Farnsworth CCI mean difference = 0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.003, 0.10; Lanthony CCI mean difference = 0.07, 95% CI: -0.02, 0.15].Prenatal and early childhood exposure to PCE-contaminated drinking water may be associated with long-term subclinical visual dysfunction in adulthood, particularly with respect to color discrimination. Further investigation of this association in similarly exposed populations is necessary.

SUBMITTER: Getz KD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3440105 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Prenatal and early childhood exposure to tetrachloroethylene and adult vision.

Getz Kelly D KD Janulewicz Patricia A PA Rowe Susannah S Weinberg Janice M JM Winter Michael R MR Martin Brett R BR Vieira Veronica M VM White Roberta F RF Aschengrau Ann A

Environmental health perspectives 20120711 9

<h4>Background</h4>Tetrachloroethylene (PCE; or perchloroethylene) has been implicated in visual impairments among adults with occupational and environmental exposures as well as children born to women with occupational exposure during pregnancy.<h4>Objectives</h4>Using a population-based retrospective cohort study, we examined the association between prenatal and early childhood exposure to PCE-contaminated drinking water on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and deficits in adult color vision and contra ...[more]

PMID: 22784657

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Project description:Many studies of adults with acute and chronic solvent exposure have shown adverse effects on cognition, behavior and mood. No prior study has investigated the long-term impact of prenatal and early childhood exposure to the solvent tetrachloroethylene (PCE) on the affinity for risky behaviors, defined as smoking, drinking or drug use as a teen or adult.This retrospective cohort study examined whether early life exposure to PCE-contaminated drinking water influenced the occurrence of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use among adults from Cape Cod, Massachusetts.Eight hundred and thirty-one subjects with prenatal and early childhood PCE exposure and 547 unexposed subjects were studied. Participants completed questionnaires to gather information on risky behaviors as a teenager and young adult, demographic characteristics, other sources of solvent exposure, and residences from birth through 1990. PCE exposure was estimated using the U.S. EPA's water distribution system modeling software (EPANET) that was modified to incorporate a leaching and transport model to estimate PCE exposures from pipe linings.Individuals who were highly exposed to PCE-contaminated drinking water during gestation and early childhood experienced 50-60% increases in the risk of using two or more major illicit drugs as a teenager or as an adult (Relative Risk (RR) for teen use = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2-2.2; and RR for adult use = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2-1.9). Specific drugs for which increased risks were observed included crack/cocaine, psychedelics/hallucinogens, club/designer drugs, Ritalin without a prescription, and heroin (RRs:1.4-2.1). Thirty to 60% increases in the risk of certain smoking and drinking behaviors were also seen among highly exposed subjects.The results of this study suggest that risky behaviors, particularly drug use, are more frequent among adults with high PCE exposure levels during gestation and early childhood. These findings should be confirmed in follow-up investigations of other exposed populations.

Project description:BackgroundEmerging evidence suggests that phthalate exposure may be associated with behavior problems in children and that these associations may be sex specific.MethodsIn a follow up study of 411 inner-city minority mothers and their children, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monethyl phthalate (MEP) and four di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites (DEHP) were quantified in maternal urine samples collected during the third trimester and in child urine samples at ages 3 and 5 years. The Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised: Long Form (CPRS) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were administered to the mothers to assess children's behavior problems at 7 years of age. The analysis included children with available measures of CBCL, CPRS and phthalates measured in maternal urine. We performed both Quasi-Poisson regression and a mixture analysis using Weighted Quantile Sum(WQS) regression to assess the risk for CPRS scores and for internalizing and externalizing behaviors (from the CBCL) following intra-uterine exposure to the phthalate metabolites for boys and girls separately.ResultsAmong boys, increases in in anxious-shy behaviors were associated with prenatal exposure to MBzP (Mean Ratio [MR] = 1.20, 95%CI 1.05-1.36) and MiBP (Mean Ratio (MR) = 1.22, 95%CI 1.02-1.47). Among girls, increases in perfectionism were associated with MBzP (MR = 1.15, 95%CI 1.01-1.30). In both boys and girls, increases in psychosomatic problems were associated with MiBP (MR = 1.28, 95%CI 1.02-1.60), and MnBP (MR = 1.28, 95%CI 1.02-1.59), respectively. Among girls, decreased hyperactivity was associated with two DEHP metabolites, mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MR = 0.83, 95%CI 0.71-0.98) and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MR = 0.85, 95%CI 0.72-0.99). Using weighted Quantile Sum logistic regression, no associations were found between the Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) of phthalate metabolites and CPRS scores or externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Nonetheless, when the analysis was performed separately for DEHP and non-DEHP metabolites significant associations were found between the WQS of DEHP metabolites and social problems in boys (OR = 2.15, 95%CI 1.13-4.06, p-value = 0.02) anxious-shy problems in girls (OR = 2.19, 95%CI 1.15-4.16, p = 0.02), and emotional lability problems in all children (OR = 0.61, 95%CI 0.38-0.97, p = 0.04). MEHP and MEOHP were the most highly weighted DEHP metabolites in WQS mixture. The analysis performed with CBCL scale corroborated these associations.ConclusionConcentration of non-DEHP metabolites was associated with anxious-shy behaviors among boys. DEHP phthalate metabolites were associated with decreased hyperactivity and impulsivity among girls on CPRS scores. These findings lend further support to the adverse associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and childhood outcomes, and clearly suggest that such associations are sex and mixture specific.

Project description:ImportancePrenatal exposure to phthalates has been associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes, but little is known about the association with language development.ObjectiveTo examine the association of prenatal phthalate exposure with language development in children in 2 population-based pregnancy cohort studies.Design, setting, and participantsData for this study were obtained from the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal Mother and Child, Asthma and Allergy (SELMA) study conducted in prenatal clinics throughout Värmland county in Sweden and The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES) conducted in 4 academic centers in the United States. Participants recruited into both studies were women in their first trimester of pregnancy who had literacy in Swedish (SELMA) or English or Spanish (TIDES). This study included mothers and their children from both the SELMA study (n = 963) and TIDES (n = 370) who had complete data on prenatal urinary phthalate metabolite levels, language delay, and modeled covariables. For SELMA, the data were collected from November 1, 2007, to June 30, 2013, and data analysis was conducted from November 1, 2016, to June 30, 2018. For TIDES, data collection began January 1, 2010, and ended March 29, 2016, and data analysis was performed from September 15, 2016, to June 30, 2018.Main outcomes and measuresMothers completed a language development questionnaire that asked the number of words their children could understand or use at a median of 30 months of age (SELMA) and 37 months of age (TIDES). The responses were categorized as fewer than 25, 25 to 50, and more than 50 words, with 50 words or fewer classified as language delay.ResultsIn the SELMA study, 963 mothers, 455 (47.2%) girls, and 508 (52.8%) boys were included. In TIDES, 370 mothers, 185 (50.0%) girls, and 185 (50.0%) boys were included in this analysis. The prevalence of language delay was 10.0% in both SELMA (96 reported) and TIDES (37 reported), with higher rates of delay in boys than girls (SELMA: 69 [13.5%] vs 27 [6.0%]; TIDES: 23 [12.4%] vs 14 [7.6%]). In crude analyses, the metabolite levels of dibutyl phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate were statistically significantly associated with language delay in both cohorts. In adjusted analyses, a doubling of prenatal exposure of dibutyl phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate metabolites increased the odds ratio (OR) for language delay by approximately 25% to 40%, with statistically significant results in the SELMA study (dibutyl phthalate OR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.03-1.63; P = .03]; butyl benzyl phthalate OR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.07-1.49; P = .003]). A doubling of prenatal monoethyl phthalate exposure was associated with an approximately 15% increase in the OR for language delay in the SELMA study (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.00-1.31; P = .05), but no such association was found in TIDES (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.79-1.23).Conclusions and relevanceIn findings from this study, prenatal exposure to dibutyl phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate was statistically significantly associated with language delay in children in both the SELMA study and TIDES. These findings, along with the prevalence of prenatal exposure to phthalates, the importance of language development, and the inconsistent results from a 2017 Danish study, suggest that the association of phthalates with language delay may warrant further examination.

Project description:BackgroundEpidemiological evidence for gestational polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and adverse child cognitive outcomes is mixed; little is known about critical windows of exposure.ObjectiveWe investigated associations between prenatal PAH exposure and child cognition in a large, multi-site study.MethodsWe included mother-child dyads from two pooled prospective pregnancy cohorts (CANDLE and TIDES, N = 1,223) in the ECHO-PATHWAYS Consortium. Seven urinary mono-hydroxylated PAH metabolites were measured in mid-pregnancy in both cohorts as well as early and late pregnancy in TIDES. Child intelligence quotient (IQ) was assessed between ages 4-6. Associations between individual PAH metabolites and IQ were estimated with multivariable linear regression. Interaction terms were used to examine effect modification by child sex and maternal obesity. We explored associations of PAH metabolite mixtures with IQ using weighted quantile sum regression. In TIDES, we averaged PAH metabolites over three periods of pregnancy and by pregnancy period to investigate associations between PAH metabolites and IQ.ResultsIn the combined sample, PAH metabolites were not associated with IQ after full adjustment, nor did we observe associations with PAH mixtures. Tests of effect modification were null except for the association between 2-hydroxynaphthalene and IQ, which was negative in males (βmales = -0.67 [95%CI:-1.47,0.13]) and positive in females (βfemales = 0.31 [95%CI:-0.52,1.13])(pinteraction = 0.04). In analyses across pregnancy (TIDES-only), inverse associations with IQ were observed for 2-hydroxyphenanthrene averaged across pregnancy (β = -1.28 [95%CI:-2.53,-0.03]) and in early pregnancy (β = -1.14 [95%CI:-2.00,-0.28]).SignificanceIn this multi-cohort analysis, we observed limited evidence of adverse associations of early pregnancy PAHs with child IQ. Analyses in the pooled cohorts were null. However, results also indicated that utilizing more than one exposure measures across pregnancy could improve the ability to detect associations by identifying sensitive windows and improving the reliability of exposure measurement. More research with multiple timepoints of PAH assessment is warranted.

Dataset Information

Prenatal and early childhood exposure to tetrachloroethylene and adult vision.

Publications

Prenatal and early childhood exposure to tetrachloroethylene and adult vision.

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