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Hierarchical IL-5 expression defines a subpopulation of highly differentiated human Th2 cells.

ABSTRACT: Each of the three Th2 cytokine genes, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, has different functions. We hypothesized that Th2 heterogeneity could yield Th2 subpopulations with different cytokine expression and effector functions. Using multiple approaches, we demonstrate that human Th2 cells are composed of two major subpopulations: a minority IL-5(+) (IL-5(+), IL-4(+), IL-13(+)) and majority IL-5(-) Th2 (IL-5(-), IL-4(+), IL-13(+)) population. IL-5(+) Th2 cells comprised only 20% of all Th2 cells. Serial rounds of in vitro differentiation initially yielded IL-5(-) Th2, but required multiple rounds of differentiation to generate IL-5(+) Th2 cells. IL-5(+) Th2 cells expressed less CD27 and greater programmed cell death-1 than IL-5(-) Th2 cells, consistent with their being more highly differentiated, Ag-exposed memory cells. IL-5(+) Th2 cells expressed greater IL-4, IL-13, and GATA-3 relative to IL-5(-) Th2 cells. GATA-3 and H3K4me(3) binding to the IL5 promoter (IL5p) was greater in IL-5(+) relative to IL-5(-) Th2 cells, whereas there was no difference in their binding to the IL4p and IL13p. Conversely, H3K27me(3) binding to the IL5p was greater in IL-5(-) Th2 cells. These findings demonstrate Th2 lineage heterogeneity, in which the IL5 gene is regulated in a hierarchical manner relative to other Th2 genes. IL-5(+) Th2 cells are phenotypically distinct and have epigenetic changes consistent with greater IL5p accessibility. Recurrent antigenic exposure preferentially drives the differentiation of IL-5(+) Th2 cells. These results demonstrate that IL-5(+) and IL-5(-) Th2 cells, respectively, represent more and less highly differentiated Th2 cell subpopulations. Such Th2 subpopulations may differentially contribute to Th2-driven pathology.

SUBMITTER: Upadhyaya B

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3445433 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Hierarchical IL-5 expression defines a subpopulation of highly differentiated human Th2 cells.

Upadhyaya Bhaskar B Yin Yuzhi Y Hill Brenna J BJ Douek Daniel C DC Prussin Calman C

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 20110817 6

Each of the three Th2 cytokine genes, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, has different functions. We hypothesized that Th2 heterogeneity could yield Th2 subpopulations with different cytokine expression and effector functions. Using multiple approaches, we demonstrate that human Th2 cells are composed of two major subpopulations: a minority IL-5(+) (IL-5(+), IL-4(+), IL-13(+)) and majority IL-5(-) Th2 (IL-5(-), IL-4(+), IL-13(+)) population. IL-5(+) Th2 cells comprised only 20% of all Th2 cells. Serial roun ...[more]

PMID: 21849680

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Project description:Siglec-9 is an MHC-independent inhibitory receptor expressed on a subset of natural killer (NK) cells. Siglec-9 restrains NK cytotoxicity by binding to sialoglycans (sialic acid-containing glycans) on target cells. Despite the importance of Siglec-9 interactions in tumor immune evasion, their role as an immune evasion mechanism during HIV infection has not been investigated. Using in vivo phenotypic analyses, we found that Siglec-9+ CD56dim NK cells, during HIV infection, exhibit an activated phenotype with higher expression of activating receptors and markers (NKp30, CD38, CD16, DNAM-1, perforin) and lower expression of the inhibitory receptor NKG2A, compared to Siglec-9- CD56dim NK cells. We also found that levels of Siglec-9+ CD56dim NK cells inversely correlate with viral load during viremic infection and CD4+ T cell-associated HIV DNA during suppressed infection. Using in vitro cytotoxicity assays, we confirmed that Siglec-9+ NK cells exhibit higher cytotoxicity towards HIV-infected cells compared to Siglec-9- NK cells. These data are consistent with the notion that Siglec-9+ NK cells are highly cytotoxic against HIV-infected cells. However, blocking Siglec-9 enhanced NK cells' ability to lyse HIV-infected cells, consistent with the known inhibitory function of the Siglec-9 molecule. Together, these data support a model in which the Siglec-9+ CD56dim NK subpopulation is highly cytotoxic against HIV-infected cells even whilst being restrained by the inhibitory effects of Siglec-9. To harness the cytotoxic capacity of the Siglec-9+ NK subpopulation, which is dampened by Siglec-9, we developed a proof-of-concept approach to selectively disrupt Siglec/sialoglycan interactions between NK and HIV-infected cells. We achieved this goal by conjugating Sialidase to several HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies. These conjugates selectively desialylated HIV-infected cells and enhanced NK cells' capacity to kill them. In summary, we identified a novel, glycan-based interaction that may contribute to HIV-infected cells' ability to evade NK immunosurveillance and developed an approach to break this interaction.

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Hierarchical IL-5 expression defines a subpopulation of highly differentiated human Th2 cells.

Publications

Hierarchical IL-5 expression defines a subpopulation of highly differentiated human Th2 cells.

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