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The size of large adipose cells is a predictor of insulin resistance in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients.

ABSTRACT: Early studies reported that the size of adipose cells correlates with insulin resistance. However, a recent study comparing moderately obese, sensitive and resistant subjects, with comparable BMI (~30), did not detect any significant difference in the size of the large cells, but rather a smaller proportion of large cells in the resistant subjects, suggesting impaired adipogenesis. We hypothesize that a decreased proportion, rather than the size, of large adipose cells is also associated with insulin resistance in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients. Thirty-five leaner (BMI 18-34) subjects who were relatively healthy were recruited. Insulin sensitivity was measured by the euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp. Needle biopsies of abdominal subcutaneous fat were assayed for adipose cell size by fitting the cell size distribution with two exponentials and a Gaussian function. The fraction of large cells was defined as the area of the Gaussian peak and the size of the large cells was defined as its center (c(p)). Glucose infusion rate (GIR) and c(p) were negatively correlated, but insulin sensitivity and the proportion of large cells were not correlated. BMI and c(p) were also strongly correlated, but a relationship of modest correlation between the cell size and insulin resistance was still significant after correcting for BMI. In contrast to moderately obese subjects, in the first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients both BMI and the size of the large adipose cells predict the degree of insulin resistance; no correlation is found between the proportion of large adipose cells and insulin resistance.

SUBMITTER: Yang J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3457700 | biostudies-literature | 2012 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The size of large adipose cells is a predictor of insulin resistance in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients.

Yang Jian J Eliasson Bjorn B Smith Ulf U Cushman Samuel W SW Sherman Arthur S AS

Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 20120112 5

Early studies reported that the size of adipose cells correlates with insulin resistance. However, a recent study comparing moderately obese, sensitive and resistant subjects, with comparable BMI (~30), did not detect any significant difference in the size of the large cells, but rather a smaller proportion of large cells in the resistant subjects, suggesting impaired adipogenesis. We hypothesize that a decreased proportion, rather than the size, of large adipose cells is also associated with in ...[more]

PMID: 22240722

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Project description:ContextStudying sensorimotor and neurocognitive impairments in unaffected family members of individuals with autism may help identify familial pathophysiological mechanisms associated with the disorder.ObjectiveTo determine whether atypical sensorimotor or neurocognitive characteristics associated with autism are present in first-degree relatives of individuals with autism.DesignCase-control comparison of neurobehavioral functions.SettingUniversity medical center.ParticipantsFifty-seven first-degree relatives of individuals with autism and 40 age-, sex-, and IQ-matched healthy control participants (aged 8-54 years).Main outcome measuresOculomotor tests of sensorimotor responses (saccades and smooth pursuit); procedural learning and response inhibition; neuropsychological tests of motor, memory, and executive functions; and psychological measures of social behavior, communication skills, and obsessive-compulsive behaviors.ResultsOn eye movement testing, family members demonstrated saccadic hypometria, reduced steady-state pursuit gain, and a higher rate of voluntary response inhibition errors relative to controls. They also showed lateralized deficits in procedural learning and open-loop pursuit gain (initial 100 milliseconds of pursuit) and increased variability in the accuracy of large-amplitude saccades that were confined to rightward movements. In neuropsychological studies, only executive functions were impaired relative to those of controls. Family members reported more communication abnormalities and obsessive-compulsive behaviors than controls. Deficits across oculomotor, neuropsychological, and psychological domains were relatively independent from one another.ConclusionsFamily members of individuals with autism demonstrate oculomotor abnormalities implicating pontocerebellar and frontostriatal circuits and left-lateralized alterations of frontotemporal circuitry and striatum. The left-lateralized alterations have not been identified in other neuropsychiatric disorders and are of interest given atypical brain lateralization and language development associated with the disorder. Similar oculomotor deficits have been reported in individuals with autism, suggesting that they may be familial and useful for studies of neurophysiological and genetic mechanisms in autism.

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The size of large adipose cells is a predictor of insulin resistance in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients.

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The size of large adipose cells is a predictor of insulin resistance in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients.

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