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Mmp23b promotes liver development and hepatocyte proliferation through the tumor necrosis factor pathway in zebrafish.

ABSTRACT: The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of proteins degrades extracellular matrix (ECM) components as well as processes cytokines and growth factors. MMPs are involved in regulating ECM homeostasis in both normal physiology and disease pathophysiology. Here we report the critical roles of mmp23b in normal zebrafish liver development. Mmp23b was initially identified as a gene linked to the genomic locus of an enhancer trap transgenic zebrafish line in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression was restricted to the developing liver. Follow-up analysis of mmp23b messenger RNA (mRNA) expression confirmed its liver-specific expression pattern. Morpholino knockdown of mmp23b resulted in defective hepatocyte proliferation, causing a reduction in liver size while maintaining relatively normal pancreas and gut development. Genetically, we showed that mmp23b functions through the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway. Antisense knockdown of tnfa or tnfb in zebrafish caused similar reductions of liver size, whereas overexpression of tnfa or tnfb rescued liver defects in mmp23b morphants but not vice versa. Biochemically, MMP23B, the human ortholog of Mmp23b, directly interacts with TNF and mediates its release from the cell membrane in a cell culture system. Because mmp23b/MMP23B is highly conserved, our findings in zebrafish warrant further investigation of its role in regulating liver development in mammals.

SUBMITTER: Qi F

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3457804 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Mmp23b promotes liver development and hepatocyte proliferation through the tumor necrosis factor pathway in zebrafish.

Qi Fei F Song Jianbo J Yang Hanshuo H Gao Wei W Liu Ning-ai NA Zhang Bo B Lin Shuo S

Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 20101109 6

The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of proteins degrades extracellular matrix (ECM) components as well as processes cytokines and growth factors. MMPs are involved in regulating ECM homeostasis in both normal physiology and disease pathophysiology. Here we report the critical roles of mmp23b in normal zebrafish liver development. Mmp23b was initially identified as a gene linked to the genomic locus of an enhancer trap transgenic zebrafish line in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) expre ...[more]

PMID: 21064033

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Project description:Background & Aims:Uncontrolled liver proliferation is a key characteristic of liver cancer; however, the mechanisms by which this occurs are not well understood. Elucidation of these mechanisms is necessary for the development of better therapy. The oncogene Gankyrin (Gank) is overexpressed in both hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma. The aim of this work was to determine the role of Gank in liver proliferation and elucidate the mechanism by which Gank promotes liver proliferation. Methods:We generated Gank liver-specific knock-out (GLKO) mice and examined liver biology and proliferation after surgical resection and liver injury. Results:Global profiling of gene expression in GLKO mice showed significant changes in pathways involved in liver cancer and proliferation. Investigations of liver proliferation after partial hepatectomy and CCl4 treatment showed that GLKO mice have dramatically inhibited proliferation of hepatocytes at early stages after surgery and injury. In control LoxP mice, liver proliferation was characterized by Gank-mediated reduction of tumor-suppressor proteins (TSPs). The failure of GLKO hepatocytes to proliferate is associated with a lack of down-regulation of these proteins. Surprisingly, we found that hepatic progenitor cells of GLKO mice start proliferation at later stages and restore the original size of the liver at 14 days after partial hepatectomy. To examine the proliferative activities of Gank in cancer cells, we used a small molecule, cjoc42, to inhibit interactions of Gank with the 26S proteasome. These studies showed that Gank triggers degradation of TSPs and that cjoc42-mediated inhibition of Gank increases levels of TSPs and inhibits proliferation of cancer cells. Conclusions:These studies show that Gank promotes hepatocyte proliferation by elimination of TSPs. This work provides background for the development of Gank-mediated therapy for the treatment of liver cancer. RNA sequencing data can be accessed in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus: GSE104395.

Project description:Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a new class of regulators of various human diseases. This study was designed to explore the potential role of lncRNAs in experimental hepatic damage. In vivo hepatic damage in mice and in vitro hepatocyte damage in AML12 and NCTC1469 cells were induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treatments. Expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs were analyzed by microarray. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to predict the potential functions of differentially expressed lncRNAs with respect to hepatic damage. Overexpression of lncRNA Gm2199 was achieved by transfection of the pEGFP-N1-Gm2199 plasmid in vitro and adeno-associated virus-Gm2199 in vivo. Cell proliferation and viability was detected by cell counting kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay. Protein and mRNA expressions of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) were detected by western blot and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Microarray analysis identified 190 and 148 significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs, respectively. The analyses of lncRNA-mRNA co-expression and lncRNA-biological process networks unraveled potential roles of the differentially expressed lncRNAs including Gm2199 in the pathophysiological processes leading to hepatic damage. Gm2199 was downregulated in both damaged livers and hepatocyte lines. Overexpression of Gm2199 restored the reduced proliferation of damaged hepatocyte lines and increased the expression of ERK1/2. Overexpression of Gm2199 also promoted the proliferation and viability of normal hepatocyte lines and increased the level of p-ERK1/2. Overexpression of Gm2199 in vivo also protected mouse liver injury induced by CCl4, evidenced by more proliferating hepatocytes, less serum alanine aminotransferase, less serum aspartate aminotransferase, and decreased hepatic hydroxyproline. The ability of Gm2199 to maintain hepatic proliferation capacity indicates it as a novel anti-liver damage lncRNA.

Dataset Information

Mmp23b promotes liver development and hepatocyte proliferation through the tumor necrosis factor pathway in zebrafish.

Publications

Mmp23b promotes liver development and hepatocyte proliferation through the tumor necrosis factor pathway in zebrafish.

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