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Effects of dietary saturated fat on LDL subclasses and apolipoprotein CIII in men.

ABSTRACT: Small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and apolipoprotein (apo) CIII are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that can be modulated by diet, but there is little information regarding the effects of dietary saturated fat on their plasma levels. We tested the effects of high vs low saturated fat intake in the context of a high beef protein diet on levels and composition of LDL subclasses and on apoCIII levels in plasma and LDL.Following consumption of a baseline diet (50% carbohydrate (CHO), 13% protein, 38% total fat, 15% saturated fat) for 3 weeks, 14 healthy men were randomly assigned to two reduced CHO high beef protein diets (31% CHO, 31% protein, 38% fat) that differed in saturated fat content (15% vs 8%) for 3 weeks each in a crossover design.The high saturated fat (HSF) diet resulted in higher mass concentrations of buoyant LDL I, medium density LDL II and dense LDL III, but not the very dense LDL IV; and significant increases in plasma and LDL apoCIII concentration of 9.4% and 33.5%, respectively. The saturated fat-induced changes in LDL apoCIII were specifically correlated with changes in apoCIII content of LDL IV.Taken together with previous observations, these findings suggest that, at least in the context of a lower CHO high beef protein diet, HSF intake may increase CVD risk by metabolic processes that involve apoCIII.

SUBMITTER: Faghihnia N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3491165 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effects of dietary saturated fat on LDL subclasses and apolipoprotein CIII in men.

Faghihnia N N Mangravite L M LM Chiu S S Bergeron N N Krauss R M RM

European journal of clinical nutrition 20120905 11

<h4>Background/objectives</h4>Small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and apolipoprotein (apo) CIII are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that can be modulated by diet, but there is little information regarding the effects of dietary saturated fat on their plasma levels. We tested the effects of high vs low saturated fat intake in the context of a high beef protein diet on levels and composition of LDL subclasses and on apoCIII levels in plasma and LDL.<h4>Subjects/method ...[more]

PMID: 22948944

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Project description:Background:The substitution of omega (?)-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for saturated fatty acids (SFAs) is advocated in cardiovascular disease prevention. The impact of this substitution on lipoprotein metabolism in subjects with dyslipidemia associated with insulin resistance (IR) remains unknown. Objective:In men with dyslipidemia and IR, we evaluated the impact of substituting ?-6 PUFAs for SFAs on the in vivo kinetics of apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing lipoproteins and on the intestinal expression of key genes involved in lipoprotein metabolism. Design:Dyslipidemic and IR men (n = 36) were recruited for this double-blind, randomized, crossover, controlled trial. Subjects consumed, in a random order, a fully controlled diet rich in SFAs (SFAs: 13.4% of energy; ?-6 PUFAs: 4.0%) and a fully controlled diet rich in ?-6 PUFAs (SFAs: 6.0%; ?-6 PUFAs: 11.3%) for periods of 4 wk, separated by a 4-wk washout period. At the end of each diet, the in vivo kinetics of apoB-containing lipoproteins were measured and the intestinal expression of key genes involved in lipoprotein metabolism was quantified in duodenal biopsies taken from each participant. Results:The substitution of ?-6 PUFAs for SFAs had no impact on TRL apoB-48 fractional catabolic rate (? = -3.8%, P = 0.7) and production rate (? = +1.2%, P = 0.9), although it downregulated the intestinal expression of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (? = -18.4%, P = 0.006) and apoB (? = -16.6%, P = 0.005). The substitution of ?-6 PUFAs for SFAs decreased the LDL apoB-100 pool size (? = -7.8%; P = 0.005). This difference was attributed to a reduction in the LDL apoB-100 production rate after the substitution of ?-6 PUFAs for SFAs (? = -10.0%; P = 0.003). Conclusions:This study demonstrates that the substitution of dietary ?-6 PUFAs for SFAs decreases the production and number of LDL particles in men with dyslipidemia and IR. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01934543.

Project description:BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that increases in LDL-cholesterol resulting from substitution of dietary saturated fat for carbohydrate or unsaturated fat are due primarily to increases in large cholesterol-enriched LDL, with minimal changes in small, dense LDL particles and apolipoprotein B. However, individuals can differ by their LDL particle distribution, and it is possible that this may influence LDL subclass response.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to test whether the reported effects of saturated fat apply to individuals with atherogenic dyslipidemia as characterized by a preponderance of small LDL particles (LDL phenotype B).MethodsFifty-three phenotype B men and postmenopausal women consumed a baseline diet (55%E carbohydrate, 15%E protein, 30%E fat, 8%E saturated fat) for 3 weeks, after which they were randomized to either a moderate carbohydrate, very high saturated fat diet (HSF; 39%E carbohydrate, 25%E protein, 36%E fat, 18%E saturated fat) or low saturated fat diet (LSF; 37%E carbohydrate, 25%E protein, 37%E fat, 9%E saturated fat) for 3 weeks.ResultsCompared to the LSF diet, consumption of the HSF diet resulted in significantly greater increases from baseline (% change; 95% CI) in plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein B (HSF vs. LSF: 9.5; 3.6 to 15.7 vs. -6.8; -11.7 to -1.76; p = 0.0003) and medium (8.8; -1.3 to 20.0 vs. -7.3; -15.7 to 2.0; p = 0.03), small (6.1; -10.3 to 25.6 vs. -20.8; -32.8 to -6.7; p = 0.02), and total LDL (3.6; -3.2 to 11.0 vs. -7.9; -13.9 to -1.5; p = 0.03) particles, with no differences in change of large and very small LDL concentrations. As expected, total-cholesterol (11.0; 6.5 to 15.7 vs. -5.7; -9.4 to -1.8; p<0.0001) and LDL-cholesterol (16.7; 7.9 to 26.2 vs. -8.7; -15.4 to -1.4; p = 0.0001) also increased with increased saturated fat intake.ConclusionsBecause medium and small LDL particles are more highly associated with cardiovascular disease than are larger LDL, the present results suggest that very high saturated fat intake may increase cardiovascular disease risk in phenotype B individuals. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00895141).Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT00895141.

Project description:ObjectivesThe supermarket industry now services many customers through online food shopping over the Internet. The Internet shopping process offers a novel opportunity for the modification of dietary patterns. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on consumers' purchases of saturated fat of a fully automated computerised system that provided real-time advice tailored to the consumers' specific purchases recommending foods lower in saturated fat.DesignThis study was a blinded, randomised controlled trial.SettingThe study was conducted in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ParticipantsThe participants were consumers using a commercial online Internet shopping site between February and June 2004.InterventionsIndividuals assigned to intervention received fully automated advice that recommended specific switches from selected products higher in saturated fat to alternate similar products lower in saturated fat. Participants assigned to control received general non-specific advice about how to eat a diet lower in saturated fat.Outcome measuresThe outcome measure was the difference in saturated fat (grams per 100 g of food) in shopping baskets between the intervention and control groups.ResultsThere were 497 randomised participants, mean age 40 y, each shopping for an average of about three people. The amount of saturated fat in the foods purchased by the intervention group was 0.66% lower (95% confidence interval 0.48-0.84, p < 0.001) than in the control group. The effects of the intervention were sustained over consecutive shopping episodes, and there was no difference in the average cost of the food bought by each group.ConclusionsFully automated, purchase-specific dietary advice offered to customers during Internet shopping can bring about changes in food purchasing habits that are likely to have significant public health implications. Because implementation is simple to initiate and maintain, this strategy would likely be highly cost-effective.

Dataset Information

Effects of dietary saturated fat on LDL subclasses and apolipoprotein CIII in men.

Publications

Effects of dietary saturated fat on LDL subclasses and apolipoprotein CIII in men.

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