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Aligning pitch for measurements of the shape of captive bubbles.

ABSTRACT: The first step required for the determination of surface tension from the shape of a captive bubble is the correct alignment of both the solid support against which the bubble floats and the camera used to record its profile. The solid support should be perpendicular to the gravitationally vertical axis. The camera used to visualize the bubble must be aligned to its axis of symmetry. Alignment of roll for both the camera and solid support is straightforward. For well-collimated light, yaw is unimportant. We show here how to align pitch, first adjusting the camera relative to the gravitational vertical, and then adjusting an agarose dome used as a ceiling above captive bubbles within the visual frame of reference.

SUBMITTER: Khoojinian H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3505088 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Aligning pitch for measurements of the shape of captive bubbles.

Khoojinian Hamed H Goodarzi Jim P JP Hall Stephen B SB

Colloids and surfaces. A, Physicochemical and engineering aspects 20120202

The first step required for the determination of surface tension from the shape of a captive bubble is the correct alignment of both the solid support against which the bubble floats and the camera used to record its profile. The solid support should be perpendicular to the gravitationally vertical axis. The camera used to visualize the bubble must be aligned to its axis of symmetry. Alignment of roll for both the camera and solid support is straightforward. For well-collimated light, yaw is uni ...[more]

PMID: 23185108

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Project description:BackgroundA wide range of microorganisms inhabit animal skin. This microbial community (microbiome) plays an important role in host defense against pathogens and disease. Bats (Chiroptera: Mammalia) are an ecologically and evolutionarily diversified group with a relatively unexplored skin microbiome. The bat skin microbiome could play a role in disease resistance, for example, to white nose syndrome (WNS), an infection which has been devastating North American bat populations. However, fundamental knowledge of the bat skin microbiome is needed before understanding its role in health and disease resistance. Captive neotropical frugivorous bats Artibeus jamaicensis and Carollia perspicillataprovide a simple controlled system in which to characterize the factors shaping the bat microbiome. Here, we aimed to determine the relative importance of habitat and host species on the bat skin microbiome.MethodsWe performed high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the skin microbiome of two different bat species living in captivity in two different habitats. In the first habitat, A. jamaicensis and C. perspicillata lived together, while the second habitat contained only A. jamaicensis.ResultsWe found that both habitat and host species shape the composition and diversity of the skin microbiome, with habitat having the strongest influence. Cohabitating A. jamaicensis and C. perspicillata shared more similar skin microbiomes than members of the same species (A. jamaicensis) across two habitats.DiscussionThese results suggest that in captivity, the skin microbial community is homogenised by the shared environments and individual proximities of bats living together in the same habitat, at the expense of the innate host species factors. The predominant influence of habitat suggests that environmental microorganisms or pathogens might colonize bat skin. We also propose that bat populations could differ in pathogen susceptibility depending on their immediate environment and habitat.

Dataset Information

Aligning pitch for measurements of the shape of captive bubbles.

Publications

Aligning pitch for measurements of the shape of captive bubbles.

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