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Cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and thyroid cancer risk: a pooled analysis of five prospective studies in the United States.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE:We examined the associations between cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and thyroid cancer risk in a pooled analysis of five prospective studies. METHODS:Data from five prospective U.S. studies were standardized and then combined into one aggregate dataset (384,433 men and 361,664 women). Pooled hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for thyroid cancer were estimated from mutually adjusted models of cigarette smoking and alcohol intake, which were additionally adjusted for age, sex, education, race, marital status, body mass index, and cohort. RESULTS:Over follow-up, 1,003 incident thyroid cancer cases (335 men and 668 women) were identified. Compared to never smokers, current smoking was associated with reduced risk of thyroid cancer (HR = 0.68, 95 % CI 0.55-0.85); this association was slightly stronger among non-drinkers (HR = 0.46, 95 % CI 0.29-0.74). No reduction in risk was observed for former, compared to never, smokers. Greater smoking intensity, duration, and pack-years were associated with further reductions in risk among former and current smokers. Alcohol intake was also inversely associated with thyroid cancer risk (?7 drinks/week versus 0, HR = 0.72, 95 % CI 0.58-0.90, p trend = 0.002). Inverse associations with smoking and alcohol were more pronounced for papillary versus follicular tumors. CONCLUSION:The results of this pooled analysis suggest that both cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are associated with reduced risks of papillary thyroid cancer and, possibly, follicular thyroid cancer.

SUBMITTER: Kitahara CM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3511822 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and thyroid cancer risk: a pooled analysis of five prospective studies in the United States.

Kitahara Cari M CM Linet Martha S MS Beane Freeman Laura E LE Check David P DP Church Timothy R TR Park Yikyung Y Purdue Mark P MP Schairer Catherine C Berrington de González Amy A

Cancer causes & control : CCC 20120729 10

<h4>Objective</h4>We examined the associations between cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and thyroid cancer risk in a pooled analysis of five prospective studies.<h4>Methods</h4>Data from five prospective U.S. studies were standardized and then combined into one aggregate dataset (384,433 men and 361,664 women). Pooled hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for thyroid cancer were estimated from mutually adjusted models of cigarette smoking and alcohol intake, which were addition ...[more]

PMID: 22843022

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Project description:BackgroundClozapine is an effective antipsychotic medication for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Previous studies revealed that smoking, alcohol intake, and coffee consumption altered the metabolism of clozapine. However, causal associations between substance use and clozapine levels were not sufficiently established.MethodsSeveral genome-wide association studies provided genetic tools for six measures of substance use, including age of smoking, cigarettes per day, smoking cessation, smoking initiation, coffee consumption, and alcohol consumption (GWASs). Utilizing the CLOZUK consortium's dataset, their associations with clozapine and its metabolite concentrations were evaluated. All GWAS data were collected from the European population. Mendelian randomization (MR) estimations from each genetic test were combined using inverse variance weighted (IVW) meta-analysis in combination with complementing techniques (such as weighted median and MR Egger). We also analyze horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity using various sensitivity analyses.ResultsGenetically predicted higher level of smoking initiation was significantly associated with reduced clozapine (β = -0.14, P = 4.53E-04) concentrations and norclozapine concentrations (β = -0.14, P = 3.33E-04), and increased coffee consumption was significantly associated with lower level of clozapine concentrations (β = -0.42, P = 1.70E-14), norclozapine concentrations (β = -0.27, P = 1.51E-07), and the metabolic ratio of clozapine to norclozapine (β = -0.15, P = 5.35E-07), survived after the Bonferroni correction (P = 0.05/6 = 0.008). In sensitivity analyses, the weighted median and MR Egger methods demonstrated directionally consistent effects. In addition, our sensitive test indicated no significant horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity (P > 0.05). However, other measures of substance use (age of initiation smoking, cigarettes per day, smoking cessation, and drinks per week) were not associated with clozapine metabolism.ConclusionOur investigation revealed a correlation between greater smoking initiation and coffee consumption and reduced blood levels of clozapine and norclozapine. Providing clinicians with guidance on how to adjust clozapine levels for clozapine-treated patients.

Project description:Employers play a vital role in promoting and supporting tobacco use cessation among tobacco-using workers. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is a preventable cause of complications in pregnancy and adverse infant health outcomes.To estimate cigarette smoking prevalence and attempts to quit among working women of reproductive age in different industries and occupations using a nationally representative survey.The 2009-2013 National Health Interview Survey data for women of reproductive age (18-49 years) who were working in the week prior to the interview (n = 30855) were analyzed. Data were adjusted for nonresponse and weighted to produce nationally representative estimates.During 2009-2013, among working women of reproductive age, an estimated 17.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.7-17.8) and 12.9% (95% CI: 12.4-13.4) were current and former cigarette smokers, respectively. Of women who smoke daily, 44.5% (95% CI: 42.5-46.5) had made a quit attempt for more than 1 day in the year before the interview. Cigarette smoking prevalence was highest among women working in the construction industry (29.2%; 95% CI: 22.8-35.7) and in construction and extraction occupations (34.6%; 95% CI: 23.4-45.9). Among working women who were pregnant at the time of the interview, 6.8% (95% CI: 4.4-9.2) and 20.4% (95% CI: 16.9-24.0) were current and former cigarette smokers, respectively.Cigarette smoking prevalence varies by industry and occupation. Intensifying tobacco control efforts in high prevalence industries and occupations could result in higher cessation rates and improvements in health among women of reproductive age.This study identified discrepancies in cigarette smoking among women of reproductive age across industries and occupations. In the absence of smoke-free local and state laws, employer-established smoke-free policies and workplace cessation programs are important for achieving reduction of tobacco use among women and for protecting other workers' health. Results in this report may assist in developing educational campaigns targeting women in industries and occupations with high prevalence of cigarette smoking and low percentage of ever-smokers who had quit.

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Cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and thyroid cancer risk: a pooled analysis of five prospective studies in the United States.

Publications

Cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and thyroid cancer risk: a pooled analysis of five prospective studies in the United States.

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