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Three periods of regulatory innovation during vertebrate evolution.

ABSTRACT: The gain, loss, and modification of gene regulatory elements may underlie a substantial proportion of phenotypic changes on animal lineages. To investigate the gain of regulatory elements throughout vertebrate evolution, we identified genome-wide sets of putative regulatory regions for five vertebrates, including humans. These putative regulatory regions are conserved nonexonic elements (CNEEs), which are evolutionarily conserved yet do not overlap any coding or noncoding mature transcript. We then inferred the branch on which each CNEE came under selective constraint. Our analysis identified three extended periods in the evolution of gene regulatory elements. Early vertebrate evolution was characterized by regulatory gains near transcription factors and developmental genes, but this trend was replaced by innovations near extracellular signaling genes, and then innovations near posttranslational protein modifiers.

SUBMITTER: Lowe CB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3511857 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Three periods of regulatory innovation during vertebrate evolution.

Lowe Craig B CB Kellis Manolis M Siepel Adam A Raney Brian J BJ Clamp Michele M Salama Sofie R SR Kingsley David M DM Lindblad-Toh Kerstin K Haussler David D

Science (New York, N.Y.) 20110801 6045

The gain, loss, and modification of gene regulatory elements may underlie a substantial proportion of phenotypic changes on animal lineages. To investigate the gain of regulatory elements throughout vertebrate evolution, we identified genome-wide sets of putative regulatory regions for five vertebrates, including humans. These putative regulatory regions are conserved nonexonic elements (CNEEs), which are evolutionarily conserved yet do not overlap any coding or noncoding mature transcript. We t ...[more]

PMID: 21852499

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