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Moderate amounts of fructose consumption impair insulin sensitivity in healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial.

ABSTRACT: Adverse effects of hypercaloric, high-fructose diets on insulin sensitivity and lipids in human subjects have been shown repeatedly. The implications of fructose in amounts close to usual daily consumption, however, have not been well studied. This study assessed the effect of moderate amounts of fructose and sucrose compared with glucose on glucose and lipid metabolism.Nine healthy, normal-weight male volunteers (aged 21-25 years) were studied in this double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial. All subjects consumed four different sweetened beverages (600 mL/day) for 3 weeks each: medium fructose (MF) at 40 g/day, and high fructose (HF), high glucose (HG), and high sucrose (HS) each at 80 g/day. Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps with [6,6]-(2)H(2) glucose labeling were used to measure endogenous glucose production. Lipid profile, glucose, and insulin were measured in fasting samples.Hepatic suppression of glucose production during the clamp was significantly lower after HF (59.4 ± 11.0%) than HG (70.3 ± 10.5%, P < 0.05), whereas fasting glucose, insulin, and C-peptide did not differ between the interventions. Compared with HG, LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol were significantly higher after MF, HF, and HS, and free fatty acids were significantly increased after MF, but not after the two other interventions (P < 0.05). Subjects' energy intake during the interventions did not differ significantly from baseline intake.This study clearly shows that moderate amounts of fructose and sucrose significantly alter hepatic insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism compared with similar amounts of glucose.

SUBMITTER: Aeberli I

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3526231 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Moderate amounts of fructose consumption impair insulin sensitivity in healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial.

Aeberli Isabelle I Hochuli Michel M Gerber Philip A PA Sze Lisa L Murer Stefanie B SB Tappy Luc L Spinas Giatgen A GA Berneis Kaspar K

Diabetes care 20120828 1

<h4>Objective</h4>Adverse effects of hypercaloric, high-fructose diets on insulin sensitivity and lipids in human subjects have been shown repeatedly. The implications of fructose in amounts close to usual daily consumption, however, have not been well studied. This study assessed the effect of moderate amounts of fructose and sucrose compared with glucose on glucose and lipid metabolism.<h4>Research design and methods</h4>Nine healthy, normal-weight male volunteers (aged 21-25 years) were studi ...[more]

PMID: 22933433

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Project description:ContextThe American Heart Association Nutrition Committee recommends women and men consume no more than 100 and 150 kcal of added sugar per day, respectively, whereas the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, suggests a maximal added sugar intake of 25% or less of total energy.ObjectiveTo address this discrepancy, we compared the effects of consuming glucose, fructose, or high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) at 25% of energy requirements (E) on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. PARTICIPANTS, DESIGN AND SETTING, AND INTERVENTION: Forty-eight adults (aged 18-40 yr; body mass index 18-35 kg/m(2)) resided at the Clinical Research Center for 3.5 d of baseline testing while consuming energy-balanced diets containing 55% E complex carbohydrate. For 12 outpatient days, they consumed usual ad libitum diets along with three servings per day of glucose, fructose, or HFCS-sweetened beverages (n = 16/group), which provided 25% E requirements. Subjects then consumed energy-balanced diets containing 25% E sugar-sweetened beverages/30% E complex carbohydrate during 3.5 d of inpatient intervention testing.Main outcome measuresTwenty-four-hour triglyceride area under the curve, fasting plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and apolipoprotein B (apoB) concentrations were measured.ResultsTwenty-four-hour triglyceride area under the curve was increased compared with baseline during consumption of fructose (+4.7 ± 1.2 mmol/liter × 24 h, P = 0.0032) and HFCS (+1.8 ± 1.4 mmol/liter × 24 h, P = 0.035) but not glucose (-1.9 ± 0.9 mmol/liter × 24 h, P = 0.14). Fasting LDL and apoB concentrations were increased during consumption of fructose (LDL: +0.29 ± 0.082 mmol/liter, P = 0.0023; apoB: +0.093 ± 0.022 g/liter, P = 0.0005) and HFCS (LDL: +0.42 ± 0.11 mmol/liter, P < 0.0001; apoB: +0.12 ± 0.031 g/liter, P < 0.0001) but not glucose (LDL: +0.012 ± 0.071 mmol/liter, P = 0.86; apoB: +0.0097 ± 0.019 g/liter, P = 0.90).ConclusionsConsumption of HFCS-sweetened beverages for 2 wk at 25% E increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease comparably with fructose and more than glucose in young adults.

Project description:ObjectiveChanges in insulin sensitivity (IS) and insulin secretion occur with perturbations in energy balance and glycemic load (GL) of the diet that may precede the development of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Determinants of changes in IS and insulin secretion with weight cycling in non-obese healthy subjects remain unclear.MethodsIn a 6wk controlled 2-stage randomized dietary intervention 32 healthy men (26±4y, BMI: 24±2kg/m2) followed 1wk of overfeeding (OF), 3wks of caloric restriction (CR) containing either 50% or 65% carbohydrate (CHO) and 2wks of refeeding (RF) with the same amount of CHO but either low or high glycaemic index at ±50% energy requirement. Measures of IS (basal: HOMA-index, postprandial: Matsuda-ISI), insulin secretion (early: Stumvoll-index, total: tAUC-insulin/tAUC-glucose) and potential endocrine determinants (ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, thyroid hormone levels, 24h-urinary catecholamine excretion) were assessed.ResultsIS improved and insulin secretion decreased due to CR and normalized upon RF. Weight loss-induced improvements in basal and postprandial IS were associated with decreases in leptin and increases in ghrelin levels, respectively (r = 0.36 and r = 0.62, p<0.05). Weight regain-induced decrease in postprandial IS correlated with increases in adiponectin, fT3, TSH, GL of the diet and a decrease in ghrelin levels (r-values between -0.40 and 0.83, p<0.05) whereas increases in early and total insulin secretion were associated with a decrease in leptin/adiponectin-ratio (r = -0.52 and r = -0.46, p<0.05) and a decrease in fT4 (r = -0.38, p<0.05 for total insulin secretion only). After controlling for GL associations between RF-induced decrease in postprandial IS and increases in fT3 and TSH levels were no longer significant.ConclusionWeight cycling induced changes in IS and insulin secretion were associated with changes in all measured hormones, except for catecholamine excretion. While leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin seem to be the major endocrine determinants of IS, leptin/adiponectin-ratio and fT4 levels may impact changes in insulin secretion with weight cycling.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01737034.

Project description:Aims/hypothesisTo determine whether 6 weeks of daily, moderate alcohol consumption increases expression of the gene encoding adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and plasma levels of the protein, and improves insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women.MethodsIn a randomised, open-label, crossover trial conducted in the Netherlands, 36 apparently healthy postmenopausal women who were habitual alcohol consumers, received 250 ml white wine ( approximately 25 g alcohol/day) or 250 ml of white grape juice (control) daily during dinner for 6 weeks. Randomisation to treatment allocation occurred according to BMI. Insulin sensitivity and ADIPOQ mRNA and plasma adiponectin levels were measured at the end of both periods. Insulin sensitivity was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Levels of ADIPOQ mRNA in subcutaneous adipose tissue were determined by RT-PCR.ResultsAll subjects completed the study. Six weeks of white wine consumption reduced fasting insulin (mean +/- SEM 40.0 +/- 3.4 vs 46.5 +/- 3.4 pmol/l; p < 0.01) and HOMA-IR (1.42 +/- 0.13 vs 1.64 +/- 0.13; p = 0.02) compared with 6 weeks of grape juice consumption. ADIPOQ mRNA levels (1.09 +/- 0.15 vs 0.98 +/- 0.15; p = 0.04) and plasma levels of total (13.1 +/- 0.8 vs 12.0 +/- 0.8 microg/ml; p < 0.001) and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin (9.9 +/- 1.2 vs 8.8 +/- 1.2 microg/ml; p = 0.02) significantly increased after alcohol compared with juice consumption. Changes in ADIPOQ mRNA levels correlated with changes in plasma levels of total adiponectin (rho = 0.46; p < 0.01). Both fasting triacylglycerol (8.2%; p = 0.04) and LDL-cholesterol levels (7.8%; p < 0.0001) decreased, whereas HDL-cholesterol increased (7.0%; p < 0.0001) after prolonged moderate alcohol intake. No notable adverse effects were reported.Conclusions/interpretationModerate alcohol consumption for 6 weeks improves insulin sensitivity, adiponectin levels and lipid profile in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, these data suggest a transcriptional mechanism leading to the alcohol-induced increase in adiponectin plasma levels.

Project description:Background Exercise is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are thought to contribute to these benefits, but much of the research in this area has been limited by lack of well-controlled subject selection and exercise interventions. We sought to study the effect of moderate and high-intensity exercise on HDL function, lipid/lipoprotein profile, and other cardiometabolic parameters in a homogeneous population where exercise, daily routine, sleep patterns, and living conditions were carefully controlled. Methods and Results Male Army recruits (n=115, age 22±0.3 years) completed a 12-week moderate-intensity exercise program. A subset of 51 subsequently completed a 15-week high-intensity exercise program. Fitness increased and body fat decreased after moderate- and high-intensity exercise (P<0.001). Moderate-intensity exercise increased HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-I levels (6.6%, 11.6% respectively), and decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels (7.2%, 4.9% respectively) (all P<0.01). HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-I levels further increased by 8.2% (P<0.001) and 6.3% (P<0.05) after high-intensity exercise. Moderate-intensity exercise increased ABCA-1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) mediated cholesterol efflux by 13.5% (P<0.001), which was sustained after high-intensity exercise. In a selected subset the ability of HDLs to inhibit ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) expression decreased after the high (P<0.001) but not the moderate-intensity exercise program. Conclusions When controlling for exercise patterns, diet, and sleep, moderate-intensity exercise improved HDL function, lipid/lipoprotein profile, fitness, and body composition. A sequential moderate followed by high-intensity exercise program showed sustained or incremental benefits in these parameters. Improved HDL function may be part of the mechanism by which exercise reduces cardiovascular disease risk.

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Moderate amounts of fructose consumption impair insulin sensitivity in healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial.

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Moderate amounts of fructose consumption impair insulin sensitivity in healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial.

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