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4,6-?-Glucanotransferase activity occurs more widespread in Lactobacillus strains and constitutes a separate GH70 subfamily.

ABSTRACT: Family 70 glycoside hydrolase glucansucrase enzymes exclusively occur in lactic acid bacteria and synthesize a wide range of ?-D-glucan (abbreviated as ?-glucan) oligo- and polysaccharides. Of the 47 characterized GH70 enzymes, 46 use sucrose as glucose donor. A single GH70 enzyme was recently found to be inactive with sucrose and to utilize maltooligosaccharides [(1?4)-?-D-glucooligosaccharides] as glucose donor substrates for ?-glucan synthesis, acting as a 4,6-?-glucanotransferase (4,6-?GT) enzyme. Here, we report the characterization of two further GH70 4,6-?GT enzymes, i.e., from Lactobacillus reuteri strains DSM 20016 and ML1, which use maltooligosaccharides as glucose donor. Both enzymes cleave ?1?4 glycosidic linkages and add the released glucose moieties one by one to the non-reducing end of growing linear ?-glucan chains via ?1?6 glycosidic linkages (?1?4 to ?1?6 transfer activity). In this way, they convert pure maltooligosaccharide substrates into linear ?-glucan product mixtures with about 50% ?1?6 glycosidic bonds (isomalto/maltooligosaccharides). These new ?-glucan products may provide an exciting type of carbohydrate for the food industry. The results show that 4,6-?GTs occur more widespread in family GH70 and can be considered as a GH70 subfamily. Sequence analysis allowed identification of amino acid residues in acceptor substrate binding subsites +1 and +2, differing between GH70 GTF and 4,6-?GT enzymes.

SUBMITTER: Leemhuis H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3536977 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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4,6-α-Glucanotransferase activity occurs more widespread in Lactobacillus strains and constitutes a separate GH70 subfamily.

Leemhuis Hans H Dijkman Willem P WP Dobruchowska Justyna M JM Pijning Tjaard T Grijpstra Pieter P Kralj Slavko S Kamerling Johannis P JP Dijkhuizen Lubbert L

Applied microbiology and biotechnology 20120225 1

Family 70 glycoside hydrolase glucansucrase enzymes exclusively occur in lactic acid bacteria and synthesize a wide range of α-D-glucan (abbreviated as α-glucan) oligo- and polysaccharides. Of the 47 characterized GH70 enzymes, 46 use sucrose as glucose donor. A single GH70 enzyme was recently found to be inactive with sucrose and to utilize maltooligosaccharides [(1→4)-α-D-glucooligosaccharides] as glucose donor substrates for α-glucan synthesis, acting as a 4,6-α-glucanotransferase (4,6-αGT) e ...[more]

PMID: 22361861

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Project description:The GTFB enzyme of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri 121 is a 4,6-?-glucanotransferase of glycoside hydrolase family 70 (GH70; http://www.cazy.org ). Contrary to the glucansucrases in GH70, GTFB is unable to use sucrose as substrate, but instead converts malto-oligosaccharides and starch into isomalto-/malto- polymers that may find application as prebiotics and dietary fibers. The GTFB enzyme expresses well in Escherichia coli BL21 Star (DE3), but mostly accumulates in inclusion bodies (IBs) which generally contain wrongly folded protein and inactive enzyme.Denaturation followed by refolding, as well as ncIB preparation were used for isolation of active GTFB protein from inclusion bodies. Soluble, refolded and ncIB GTFB were compared using activity assays, secondary structure analysis by FT-IR, and product analyses by NMR, HPAEC and SEC.Expression of GTFB in E. coli yielded > 100 mg/l relatively pure and active but mostly insoluble GTFB protein in IBs, regardless of the expression conditions used. Following denaturing, refolding of GTFB protein was most efficient in double distilled H2O. Also, GTFB ncIBs were active, with approx. 10 % of hydrolysis activity compared to the soluble protein. When expressed as units of activity obtained per liter E. coli culture, the total amount of ncIB GTFB expressed possessed around 180 % hydrolysis activity and 100 % transferase activity compared to the amount of soluble GTFB enzyme obtained from one liter culture. The product profiles obtained for the three GTFB enzyme preparations were similar when analyzed by HPAEC and NMR. SEC investigation also showed that these 3 enzyme preparations yielded products with similar size distributions. FT-IR analysis revealed extended ?-sheet formation in ncIB GTFB providing an explanation at the molecular level for reduced GTFB activity in ncIBs. The thermostability of ncIB GTFB was relatively high compared to the soluble and refolded GTFB.In view of their relatively high yield, activity and high thermostability, both refolded and ncIB GTFB derived from IBs in E. coli may find industrial application in the synthesis of modified starches.

Project description:Previously, we have identified and characterized 4,6-?-glucanotransferase enzymes of the glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 70 (GH70) that cleave (?1?4)-linkages in amylose and introduce (?1?6)-linkages in linear chains. The 4,6-?-glucanotransferase of Lactobacillus reuteri 121, for instance, converts amylose into an isomalto/malto-polysaccharide (IMMP) with 90% (?1?6)-linkages. Over the years, also, branching sucrase enzymes belonging to GH70 have been characterized. These enzymes use sucrose as a donor substrate to glucosylate dextran as an acceptor substrate, introducing single -(1?2,6)-?-d-Glcp-(1?6)- (Leuconostoc citreum enzyme) or -(1?3,6)-?-d-Glcp-(1?6)-branches (Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc fallax, Lactobacillus kunkeei enzymes). In this work, we observed that the catalytic domain 2 of the L. kunkeei branching sucrase used not only dextran but also IMMP as the acceptor substrate, introducing -(1?3,6)-?-d-Glcp-(1?6)-branches. The products obtained have been structurally characterized in detail, revealing the addition of single (?1?3)-linked glucose units to IMMP (resulting in a comb-like structure). The in vitro digestibility of the various ?-glucans was estimated with the glucose generation rate (GGR) assay that uses rat intestinal acetone powder to simulate the digestive enzymes in the upper intestine. Raw wheat starch is known to be a slowly digestible carbohydrate in mammals and was used as a benchmark control. Compared to raw wheat starch, IMMP and dextran showed reduced digestibility, with partially digestible and indigestible portions. Interestingly, the digestibility of the branching sucrase modified IMMP and dextran products considerably decreased with increasing percentages of (?1?3)-linkages present. The treatment of amylose with 4,6-?-glucanotransferase and branching sucrase/sucrose thus allowed for the synthesis of amylose/starch derived ?-glucans with markedly reduced digestibility. These starch derived ?-glucans may find applications in the food industry.

Dataset Information

4,6-?-Glucanotransferase activity occurs more widespread in Lactobacillus strains and constitutes a separate GH70 subfamily.

Publications

4,6-α-Glucanotransferase activity occurs more widespread in Lactobacillus strains and constitutes a separate GH70 subfamily.

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