Imported hepatitis e virus, central african republic, 2011.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Bouscaillou J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3559044 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC2570933 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of enterotropic viral hepatitis, a major public health problem in many developing countries. In Central African Republic (CAR), HEV genotypes 1, 2, and 3 have been found to have an impact on human health. However, data on HEV in animal reservoirs are still lacking for CAR. Here, we investigated the presence of HEV in farmed pigs and goats in Bangui, the capital city of CAR, using molecular methods.MethodologyIn a prospective study, fecal samples from 61 pigs and 39 goats from farms in five districts (2nd, 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th) of Bangui were collected and tested for HEV RNA by real-time RT-PCR. The samples were further analyzed by nested-PCR and sequenced to determine the genotype and subtype to which the virus belong.ResultsIn total, 22/100 (22.0%) feces samples were successfully amplified for HEV RNA by real time RT-PCR. All positive samples were from pigs (22/61; 36.1%), while all goat samples were negative (0/39). Twelve HEV RNA samples (12/22 or 54.5%) were successfully amplified by nested RT-PCR, and subsequently sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the obtained sequences clustered with subtype 3h and were genetically related to the human HEV sequences from CAR.ConclusionThis study confirms that pigs constitute an HEV reservoir, with genotype 3 being the major circulating strain. Further studies are needed to investigate other local reservoirs and to improve knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of HEV in CAR.
| S-EPMC10942039 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: As most data on hepatitis in resource-poor countries relate to urban communities, surveys in the rural environment are necessary to determine the 'true' prevalence of these viral infections. We undertook a survey to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in an apparently healthy rural population in the Central African Republic (CAR). METHODS: The cross-sectional study was based on dried blood spots (DBS) from 273 people recruited in four prefectures (Lobaye, Nana-Mambéré, Ouham and Ouaka). Eluates from DBS were tested with commercial ELISA kits to detect markers of HBV infection. DBS were directly used for DNA extraction, followed by PCR and genotyping based on preS/S gene sequences. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HBc antibodies was 27.1% (Lobaye 29%, Nana-Mambéré 28%, Ouaka 29% and Ouham 23%) and that of HBsAg was 10.6% (Lobaye 9%, Nana-Mambéré 9%, Ouaka 19% and Ouham 8%), with no statistically significant difference among the surveyed communities. Nineteen sequences obtained from 74 anti-HBc-positive patients all belonged to genotype E. Risk factor analysis of HBV infection pointed to sexual transmission of the virus. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HBV is high in rural communities in the CAR and comparable to that observed in urban areas. In addition, genotype E is prevalent in these areas. These findings underline the importance of instituting a programme of active HBV surveillance and vaccination of the population.
| S-EPMC3694350 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Infection by hepatitis E virus (HEV) can cause a high burden of morbidity and mortality in countries with poor access to clean water and sanitation. Our study aimed to investigate the situation of HEV infections in the Central African Republic (CAR). METHODS:A retrospective analysis of the blood samples and notification forms collected through the national yellow fever (YF) surveillance program, but for which a diagnosis of YF was discarded, was carried out using an anti-HEV IgM ELISA and a HEV-specific RT-PCR. RESULTS:Of 2883 YF-negative samples collected between January 2008 and December 2012, 745 (~ 26%) tested positive by at least either of the 2 tests used to confirm HEV cases. The results revealed that the CAR was hit by a large HEV outbreak in 2008 and 2009. The results also showed a clear seasonal pattern with correlation between HEV incidence and rainfall in Bangui. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the circulating strains belonged to genotypes 1e and 2b. CONCLUSIONS:Overall, this study provides further evidences that HEV can be a significant cause of acute febrile jaundice, particularly among adults during rainy season or flood, in a country from Sub-Saharan Africa.
| S-EPMC7119096 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Monkeypox is a rare viral zoonotic disease; primary infections are reported from remote forest areas of Central and West Africa. We report an investigation of a monkeypox outbreak in Lobaye, southwest Central African Republic, in October 2018.
| S-EPMC6649310 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is responsible for major endemic outbreaks in developing countries. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HEV are widespread in the Central African Republic. We report the first documented case of an HEV infection in a 36-month-old child already suffering from HIV and severe acute malnutrition (SAM). The HIV patient was hospitalized for SAM with persistent diarrhea and prolonged fever. The presence of IgG anti-HEV antibodies was noted. Sequencing of the amplified HEV RNA revealed the presence of genotype 3c. The alanine aminotransferase level was slightly above average. The patient died despite being treated by antiretroviral therapy accompanied by probabilistic antibiotic therapy and nutritional rehabilitation. HEV/HIV co-infection in a malnourished patient can accelerate a fatal outcome. In the presence of biological abnormalities in a severe acutely malnourished HIV-infected patient, HEV RNA detection should be added to the standard medical assessment in sub-Saharan African countries.
| S-EPMC7768350 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Prevalence and severity of respiratory syncytial virus infections in children in Central African Republic, 2015 to 2018
| PRJEB43282 | ENA
Project description:BACKGROUND: Although chicken anemia virus (CAV) has been detected on all continents, little is known about this virus in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to detect and characterize CAV for the first time in Central African Republic and in Cameroon. RESULTS: An overall flock seroprevalence of 36.7% was found in Central African Republic during the 2008-2010 period. Virus prevalences were 34.2% (2008), 14.3% (2009) and 10.4% (2010) in Central African Republic and 39% (2007) and 34.9% (2009) in Cameroon. CAV DNA was found in cloacal swabs of 76.9% of seropositive chickens, suggesting that these animals excreted the virus despite antibodies. On the basis of VP1 sequences, most of the strains in Central African Republic and Cameroon belonged to 9 distinct phylogenetic clusters at the nucleotide level and were not intermixed with strains from other continent. Several cases of mixed infections in flocks and individual chickens were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest multiple introductions of CAV in each country that later spread and diverged locally. Mixed genotype infections together with the observation of CAV DNA in cloacal samples despite antibodies suggest a suboptimal protection by antibodies or virus persistence.
| S-EPMC3495741 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) increases morbidity in Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients. In the mid-eighties, an outbreak of HDV fulminant hepatitis (FH) in the Central African Republic (CAR) killed 88% of patients hospitalized in Bangui. We evaluated infections with HBV and HDV among students and pregnant women, 25 years after the fulminant hepatitis (FH) outbreak to determine (i) the prevalence of HBV and HDV infection in this population, (ii) the clinical risk factors for HBV and/or HDV infections, and (iii) to characterize and compare the strains from the FH outbreak in the 1980s to the 2010 HBV-HDV strains. We performed a cross sectional study with historical comparison on FH-stored samples (n = 179) from 159 patients and dried blood-spots from volunteer students and pregnant women groups (n = 2172). We analyzed risk factors potentially associated with HBV and HDV. Previous HBV infection (presence of anti-HBc) occurred in 345/1290 students (26.7%) and 186/870 pregnant women (21.4%)(p = 0.005), including 110 students (8.8%) and 71 pregnant women (8.2%), who were also HBsAg-positive (p = 0.824). HDV infection occurred more frequently in pregnant women (n = 13; 18.8%) than students (n = 6; 5.4%) (p = 0.010). Infection in childhood was probably the main HBV risk factor. The risk factors for HDV infection were age (p = 0.040), transfusion (p = 0.039), and a tendency for tattooing (p = 0.055) and absence of condom use (p = 0.049). HBV-E and HDV-1 were highly prevalent during both the FH outbreak and the 2010 screening project. For historical samples, due to storage conditions and despite several attempts, we could only obtain partial HDV amplification representing 25% of the full-length genome. The HDV-1 mid-eighties FH-strains did not form a specific clade and were affiliated to two different HDV-1 African subgenotypes, one of which also includes the 2010 HDV-1 strains. In the Central African Republic, these findings indicate a high prevalence of previous and current HBV-E and HDV-1 infections both in the mid-eighties fulminant hepatitis outbreak and among asymptomatic young adults in 2010, and reinforce the need for universal HBV vaccination and the prevention of HDV transmission among HBsAg-positive patients through blood or sexual routes.
| S-EPMC5940242 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major public health disease causing large outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute hepatitis. We investigated an outbreak of HEV infection that occurred in September 2018 in the health district (HD) of Bocaranga-Koui, located in the northwestern part of Central African Republic (CAR).MethodsBlood samples were collected from 352 patients aged 0-85 years suspected to be infected with yellow fever (YF), according to the World Health Organization YF case definition. The notification forms from recorded cases were used. Water consumed in the HD were also collected. Human samples found negative for anti-YF IgM were then tested by ELISA for anti-HEV IgM and IgG antibodies. Positive anti-HEV (IgM and/or IgG) samples and collected water were then subjected to molecular biology tests using a real time RT-PCR assay, followed by a nested RT-PCR assay for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.ResultsOf the 352 icterus patients included, anti-HEV IgM was found in 142 people (40.3%) and anti-HEV IgG in 175 (49.7%). Although HEV infection was detected in all age groups, there was a significant difference between the 0-10 age groups and others age groups (P = 0.001). Elevated levels of serum aminotransferase were observed in anti-HEV IgM-positive subjects. Phylogenetic analysis showed HEV genotype 1e in infected patients as well as in the contaminated water.ConclusionThis epidemic showed that CAR remains an HEV-endemic area. The genotype 1e strain was responsible for the HEV outbreak in Bocaranga-Koui HD. It is necessary to implement basic conditions of hygiene and sanitation to prevent further outbreaks of a HEV epidemics, to facilitate access to clean drinking water for the population, to launch intensive health education for basic hygiene measures, to sett up targeted hygiene promotion activities and, finally, to ensure that formal health care is available.
| S-EPMC10875899 | biostudies-literature