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Dietary pattern and leisure time activity of overweight and normal weight children in Germany: sex-specific differences.

ABSTRACT: Several studies indicate that dietary pattern and leisure time activities of adults not only differ between sexes but also between overweight and normal weight individuals. The aim of the present study was to determine if sex-specific differences in dietary pattern and leisure time activity already exist and are associated with weight status in young childhood.Nutritional intake, anthropometric parameters, leisure time activities and socio- demographical factors were assessed in 100 overweight and 51 normal weight children (81 girls and 70 boys), aged 5-8 years.In general, independent of body weight, boys ate more cheese while girls consumed more vegetables and spent more time with sedentary activities. Moreover, regardless of sex, total energy and macronutrient intake did not differ between normal weight and overweight children. Also, time spent with sportive activities did not differ between groups; however, overweight boys spent significantly more leisure time with sedentary activities than normal weight boys. Furthermore, BMI of mothers and time spent with sedentary activities were identified as independent risk factors for the development of overweight when performing multiple regression analyses.Taken together, results of our study suggest that already at young age sex influences dietary pattern independent of body weight. Furthermore, an increased time spent with sedentary activities and an elevated maternal BMI were found to be associated with an elevated body weight in children. (NCT01306396).

SUBMITTER: Maier IB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3585891 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Dietary pattern and leisure time activity of overweight and normal weight children in Germany: sex-specific differences.

Maier Ina B IB Ozel Yelda Y Wagnerberger Sabine S Bischoff Stephan C SC Bergheim Ina I

Nutrition journal 20130115

<h4>Background</h4>Several studies indicate that dietary pattern and leisure time activities of adults not only differ between sexes but also between overweight and normal weight individuals. The aim of the present study was to determine if sex-specific differences in dietary pattern and leisure time activity already exist and are associated with weight status in young childhood.<h4>Methods</h4>Nutritional intake, anthropometric parameters, leisure time activities and socio- demographical factor ...[more]

PMID: 23320866

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Project description:Background/objectivesCentral insulin action influences cognitive processes, peripheral metabolism, and eating behavior. However, the contribution of obesity and sex on central insulin-mediated neural food cue processing still remains unclear.Subjects/methodsIn a randomized within-participant design, including two visits, 60 participants (30 women, BMI 18-32 kg/m2, age 21-69 years) underwent a functional MRI task measuring blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal in response to visual food cues after intranasal insulin or placebo spray administration. Central insulin action was defined as the neural BOLD response to food cues after insulin compared to placebo administration. Afterwards, participants were asked to rate the food cues for desire to eat (i.e., wanting rating). For statistical analyses, participants were grouped according to BMI and sex.ResultsFood cue reactivity in the amygdala showed higher BOLD activation in response to central insulin compared to placebo. Furthermore, women with overweight and obesity and men of normal weight showed higher BOLD neural food cue responsivity to central insulin compared to placebo. Higher central insulin action in the insular cortex was associated with better peripheral insulin sensitivity and higher cognitive control. Moreover, central insulin action in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) revealed significant sex differences. In response to central insulin compared to placebo, men showed lower DLPFC BOLD activity, whereas women showed higher DLPFC activity in response to highly desired food cues. On behavioral level, central insulin action significantly reduced hunger, whereas the desire to eat, especially for low caloric food cues was significantly higher with central insulin than with placebo.ConclusionsObesity and sex influenced the central insulin-mediated neural BOLD activity to visual food cues in brain regions implicated in reward and cognitive control. These findings show that central insulin action regulates food response differentially in men and women, which may have consequences for metabolism and eating behavior.

Project description:BackgroundExcessive weight gain during pregnancy and subsequent postpartum weight retention may contribute to the epidemic of obesity among women of childbearing age. Preventing excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) to optimize maternal, fetal and infant wellbeing is therefore of great importance. A number of dietary interventions in this area has been conducted with inconsistent results, which has made it difficult to identify effective strategies to prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy among normal weight, overweight and obese women. The primary objective of this review was to evaluate the effect of dietary interventions for reducing GWG. The secondary objective was to examine the impact of these interventions on different child and maternal health outcomes.MethodThe PUBMED, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the LILACS databases were searched for relevant articles. All published randomized controlled trials (RCT) and quasi-randomized controlled trials (QCT), with concurrent controls, on dietary interventions during pregnancy were considered. Results were presented using relative risk (RR) for categorical data and weighted mean difference (WMD) for continuous data. Data were primarily analyzed with a fixed-effect model and a random-effects model was used in the presence of heterogeneity. No date and language restrictions were applied.ResultsIn total, 13 studies were included in this review and 10 trials contributed data on total GWG. Dietary intervention significantly reduced total GWG (n = 1434; WMD = -1.92 kg; 95% CI = -3.65/-0.19; p = 0.03), weight retention at six months postpartum (n = 443; WMD = -1.90 kg; 95% CI = -2.69/-1.12; p < 0.0001) and incidence of cesarean section (n = 609; RR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.60/0.94; p = 0.013). However, dietary intervention had no significant effect on weight retention at six weeks postpartum, birth weight, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and preterm birth.ConclusionDietary advice during pregnancy appears effective in decreasing total GWG and long-term postpartum weight retention, but so far there is limited evidence for further benefits on infant and maternal health.

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Dietary pattern and leisure time activity of overweight and normal weight children in Germany: sex-specific differences.

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Dietary pattern and leisure time activity of overweight and normal weight children in Germany: sex-specific differences.

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