How do you learn to walk? Thousands of steps and dozens of falls per day.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Adolph KE
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3591461 | biostudies-literature | 2012
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
How do you learn to walk? Thousands of steps and dozens of falls per day.
Adolph Karen E KE Cole Whitney G WG Komati Meghana M Garciaguirre Jessie S JS Badaly Daryaneh D Lingeman Jesse M JM Chan Gladys L Y GL Sotsky Rachel B RB
Psychological science 20121019 11
A century of research on the development of walking has examined periodic gait over a straight, uniform path. The current study provides the first corpus of natural infant locomotion derived from spontaneous activity during free play. Locomotor experience was immense: Twelve- to 19-month-olds averaged 2,368 steps and 17 falls per hour. Novice walkers traveled farther faster than expert crawlers, but had comparable fall rates, which suggests that increased efficiency without increased cost motiva ...[more]
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Project description:Alchemical free energy methods are useful in computer-aided drug design and computational protein design because they provide rigorous statistical mechanics-based estimates of free energy differences from molecular dynamics simulations. λ dynamics is a free energy method with the ability to characterize combinatorial chemical spaces spanning thousands of related systems within a single simulation, which gives it a distinct advantage over other alchemical free energy methods that are mostly limited to pairwise comparisons. Recently developed methods have improved the scalability of λ dynamics to perturbations at many sites; however, the size of chemical space that can be explored at each individual site has previously been limited to fewer than ten substituents. As the number of substituents increases, the volume of alchemical space corresponding to nonphysical alchemical intermediates grows exponentially relative to the size corresponding to the physical states of interest. Beyond nine substituents, λ dynamics simulations become lost in an alchemical morass of intermediate states. In this work, we introduce new biasing potentials that circumvent excessive sampling of intermediate states by favoring sampling of physical end points relative to alchemical intermediates. Additionally, we present a more scalable adaptive landscape flattening algorithm for these larger alchemical spaces. Finally, we show that this potential enables more efficient sampling in both protein and drug design test systems with up to 24 substituents per site, enabling, for the first time, simultaneous simulation of all 20 amino acids.
| S-EPMC11270746 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Recent reviews published in the IJBNPA provide more definitive ranges of ambulatory activity usually found in four general age groups, and how step data relates to public health guidelines. Of note in these reviews was the lack of data from Developing Countries. Apart from the lack of published data, available data was not presented in a format conducive to inclusion in the reviews. Consequently, this paper presents available pedometry data from Africa, such that it is easily available for inclusion in future comparisons. Also addressed is the need to consider adjusting prevalence data according to standard population age structures.
| S-EPMC3325886 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundSignificant variability exists in how real-world walking has been measured in prior studies in individuals with stroke and it is unknown which measures are most important for cardiovascular risk. It is also unknown whether real-world monitoring is more informative than laboratory-based measures of walking capacity in the context of cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this study was to determine a subset of real-world walking activity measures most strongly associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP), a measure of cardiovascular risk, in people with stroke and if these measures are associated with SBP after accounting for laboratory-based measures of walking capacity.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional analysis of 276 individuals with chronic (≥ 6 months) stroke. Participants wore an activity monitor for ≥ 3 days. Measures of activity volume, activity frequency, activity intensity, and sedentary behavior were calculated. Best subset selection and lasso regression were used to determine which activity measures were most strongly associated with systolic blood pressure. Sequential linear regression was used to determine if these activity measures were associated with systolic blood pressure after accounting for walking capacity (6-Minute Walk Test).ResultsAverage bout cadence (i.e., the average steps/minute across all bouts of walking) and the number of long (≥ 30 min) sedentary bouts were most strongly associated with systolic blood pressure. After accounting for covariates (ΔR2 = 0.089, p < 0.001) and walking capacity (ΔR2 = 0.002, p = 0.48), these activity measures were significantly associated with systolic blood pressure (ΔR2 = 0.027, p = 0.02). Higher systolic blood pressure was associated with older age (β = 0.219, p < 0.001), male gender (β = - 0.121, p = 0.046), black race (β = 0.165, p = 0.008), and a slower average bout cadence (β = - 0.159, p = 0.022).ConclusionsMeasures of activity intensity and sedentary behavior may be superior to commonly used measures, such as steps/day, when the outcome of interest is cardiovascular risk. The relationship between walking activity and cardiovascular risk cannot be inferred through laboratory-based assessments of walking capacity.
| S-EPMC9563761 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo determine where glaucoma patients most often fall and how integrated visual field (IVF) damage affects falls rates per year (falls/year) and per step (falls/step) at and away from home.DesignProspective, observational cohort study.MethodsIn 225 patients with glaucoma or suspected glaucoma, falls data were collected via calendars, fall location was classified through follow-up questionnaires, and steps taken at and away from home were judged by integrating data from annual week-long accelerometer and GPS trials. Main outcome measures were the association of IVF sensitivity with fall rates per year or step, stratified by location.ResultsParticipants took more away steps than home steps (2366 vs 1524, P < .001), and differences in away vs home steps did not vary with IVF sensitivity (P = .22). A total of 57% of falls occurred at home, with each home step twice as likely to result in a fall as compared to each away step (rate ratio = 2.02, P < .001). Worse IVF sensitivity was not associated with a higher rate of home falls/year or away falls/year (P > .1 for both), but was associated with a higher rate of home falls/step (rate ratio = 1.34/5 dB worse sensitivity, P = .03) and away falls/step (rate ratio = 1.47/5 dB worse sensitivity, P = .003).ConclusionsIn this glaucoma population, most falls occurred at home, and the risk of any step resulting in a fall was higher at home. Those with greater VF damage were more likely to fall for each step taken both at and away from home. Efforts such as home environmental modification should be considered in the visually impaired to prevent falls while maintaining physical activity.
| S-EPMC6445769 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceSteps per day is a meaningful metric for physical activity promotion in clinical and population settings. To guide promotion strategies of step goals, it is important to understand the association of steps with clinical end points, including mortality.ObjectiveTo estimate the association of steps per day with premature (age 41-65 years) all-cause mortality among Black and White men and women.Design, setting, and participantsThis prospective cohort study was part of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Participants were aged 38 to 50 years and wore an accelerometer from 2005 to 2006. Participants were followed for a mean (SD) of 10.8 (0.9) years. Data were analyzed in 2020 and 2021.ExposureDaily steps volume, classified as low (<7000 steps/d), moderate (7000-9999 steps/d), and high (≥10 000 steps/d) and stepping intensity, classified as peak 30-minute stepping rate and time spent at 100 steps/min or more.Main outcomes and measuresAll-cause mortality.ResultsA total of 2110 participants from the CARDIA study were included, with a mean (SD) age of 45.2 (3.6) years, 1205 (57.1%) women, 888 (42.1%) Black participants, and a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 9146 (7307-11 162) steps/d. During 22 845 person years of follow-up, 72 participants (3.4%) died. Using multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, compared with participants in the low step group, there was significantly lower risk of mortality in the moderate (hazard ratio [HR], 0.28 [95% CI, 0.15-0.54]; risk difference [RD], 53 [95% CI, 27-78] events per 1000 people) and high (HR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.25-0.81]; RD, 41 [95% CI, 15-68] events per 1000 people) step groups. Compared with the low step group, moderate/high step rate was associated with reduced risk of mortality in Black participants (HR, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.14-0.63]) and in White participants (HR, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.17-0.81]). Similarly, compared with the low step group, moderate/high step rate was associated with reduce risk of mortality in women (HR, 0.28 [95% CI, 0.12-0.63]) and men (HR, 0.42 [95% CI, 0.20-0.88]). There was no significant association between peak 30-minute intensity (lowest vs highest tertile: HR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.54-1.77]) or time at 100 steps/min or more (lowest vs highest tertile: HR, 1.38 [95% CI, 0.73-2.61]) with risk of mortality.Conclusions and relevanceThis cohort study found that among Black and White men and women in middle adulthood, participants who took approximately 7000 steps/d or more experienced lower mortality rates compared with participants taking fewer than 7000 steps/d. There was no association of step intensity with mortality.
| S-EPMC8417757 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:The present knowledge of protein structures at atomic level derives from some 60,000 molecules. Yet the exponential ever growing set of hypothetical protein sequences comprises some 10 million chains and this makes the problem of protein structure prediction one of the challenging goals of bioinformatics. In this context, the protein representation with contact maps is an intermediate step of fold recognition and constitutes the input of contact map predictors. However contact map representations require fast and reliable methods to reconstruct the specific folding of the protein backbone. METHODS:In this paper, by adopting a GRID technology, our algorithm for 3D reconstruction FT-COMAR is benchmarked on a huge set of non redundant proteins (1716) taking random noise into consideration and this makes our computation the largest ever performed for the task at hand. RESULTS:We can observe the effects of introducing random noise on 3D reconstruction and derive some considerations useful for future implementations. The dimension of the protein set allows also statistical considerations after grouping per SCOP structural classes. CONCLUSIONS:All together our data indicate that the quality of 3D reconstruction is unaffected by deleting up to an average 75% of the real contacts while only few percentage of randomly generated contacts in place of non-contacts are sufficient to hamper 3D reconstruction.
| S-EPMC3033854 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Abstract A multi-center, two arm, parallel group, randomized controlled trial: study participants were screened, assessed for risk factors and randomized (control or intervention) based on the SPPB score at baseline. High-risk participants (SPPB less or equal 6) were given a home-based exercise program up to 12 sessions (3 times per week) that specifically targets and modifies impairments that interfere with engaging in exercise in a group setting. When the high-risk participants attained SPPB > 6, they transitioned to a community-based group exercise program and continued until the end of active intervention phase. Low-to-moderate risk patients (SPPB > 6) were directly enrolled into an evidence-based one-hour group exercise program, which was offered up to 24 sessions with free transportation (2 times a week). The primary outcome measure was the number of fallers at the end of the nine-month study period. All analyses performed were on an intention-to-treat basis. Between December 2012 and July 2014, 354 patients who were at least 65 years old and visited the Emergency Department for falls or fall-related injuries were recruited (177 participants in each group). At the end of the nine-month follow-up period, 37.9% of the control group and 30.5% of the intervention group fell at least once. The intervention program significantly reduced the number of fallers adjusting for critical comorbidities (odds ratio 0.33 [0.15 – 0.74], p=0.004). We also observed that the intervention group had a lower proportion of individuals with injurious falls and significantly less reduction in physical performance by SPPB. No adverse events were reported during the study period. The SAFE study showed that screening, risk modification and intensive, consistent and progressive physical therapy can effectively reduce the number of fallers and injurious falls. This study is registered with the U.S. Clinical Trials Registry, number NCT01713543 and was funded by Ministry of Health Singapore under its Health Services Research Competitive Research Grant (Grant Number: HSRG10MAY002).
| S-EPMC6243733 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PURPOSE:To provide empirically-supported thresholds for step-based intensity (i.e., peak 30-min cadence; average of the top 30 steps/min in a day) and steps/day in relation to cardiometabolic health outcomes. METHODS:Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was applied to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006 accelerometer-derived step data to determine steps/day and peak 30-min cadence as risk screening values (i.e., thresholds) for fasting glucose, body mass index, waist circumference, high blood pressure, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol. Thresholds for peak 30-min cadence and steps/day were derived that, when exceeded, classify the absence of each cardiometabolic risk factor. Additionally, logistic regression models that included the influence of age and smoking were developed using the sample weights, primary sampling units (PSUs), and stratification variables provided by the NHANES survey. Finally, a decision tree analysis was performed to delineate criteria for at-risk versus healthy populations using cadence bands. RESULTS:Peak 30-min cadence thresholds across cardiometabolic outcomes ranged from 66-72 steps/min. Steps/day thresholds ranged from 4325-6192 steps/day. Higher thresholds were observed in men compared to women. In men, higher steps/day thresholds were observed in age ranges of 30-39, while in women, higher thresholds were observed in the age-range 50-59 years. Decision trees for classifying being at low risk for metabolic syndrome contained one risk-free leaf at higher cadence bands, specifically for any time accumulated at ≥120 steps/min. CONCLUSIONS:Minimum thresholds representing absence of cardiometabolic risk range from 4325-6192 steps/day and 66-72 steps/min for peak 30-min cadence. Any time accumulated at ≥120 steps/min was associated with an absence of cardiometabolic risk. Although based on cross-sectional data, these thresholds represent potentially important and clinically interpretable daily physical activity goals.
| S-EPMC6677301 | biostudies-other
Project description:Backgroundmultifactorial falls prevention programmes for older people have been proved to reduce falls. However, evidence of their cost-effectiveness is mixed.Designeconomic evaluation alongside pragmatic randomised controlled trial.Interventionrandomised trial of 364 people aged ?70, living in the community, recruited via GP and identified as high risk of falling. Both arms received a falls prevention information leaflet. The intervention arm were also offered a (day hospital) multidisciplinary falls prevention programme, including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, nurse, medical review and referral to other specialists.Measurementsself-reported falls, as collected in 12 monthly diaries. Levels of health resource use associated with the falls prevention programme, screening (both attributed to intervention arm only) and other health-care contacts were monitored. Mean NHS costs and falls per person per year were estimated for both arms, along with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and cost effectiveness acceptability curve.Resultsin the base-case analysis, the mean falls programme cost was £349 per person. This, coupled with higher screening and other health-care costs, resulted in a mean incremental cost of £578 for the intervention arm. The mean falls rate was lower in the intervention arm (2.07 per person/year), compared with the control arm (2.24). The estimated ICER was £3,320 per fall averted.Conclusionsthe estimated ICER was £3,320 per fall averted. Future research should focus on adherence to the intervention and an assessment of impact on quality of life.
| S-EPMC2956532 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionTo examine whether changes in select measures of e-cigarette puffing topography are associated with changes in smoking behavior.MethodsSixteen current cigarette smokers were instructed to completely switch from smoking combustible cigarettes to using e-cigarettes over a 2-week period. The study was completed in the Southern Midwestern region of the United States. Measures included demographics, smoking history, and cigarette dependence, as well as baseline and 2-week follow-up self-reported cigarettes per day, cigarette craving and urges, exhaled carbon monoxide readings, and e-cigarette usage data (puff number, puffing time, and average puff duration) collected via the e-cigarette built-in puff counter.ResultsOver the 2-week switching period, participants significantly reduced their cigarettes per day (~80% reduction, p < .0001). Although the number of e-cigarette puffs/day remained relatively stable (p > .05), the average total e-cigarette daily puffing time increased significantly (p = .001). Users' average puff duration increased by 91 ms/puff/d (p < .001). The percentage decrease in cigarettes smoked per day was significantly and directly related to the slope of subjects' average puff duration over time (r(13) = .62, p = .01), such that as cigarettes per day decreased, puff duration increased. Self-reported smoking urges remained relatively stable from baseline to the end of the 2-week period (p > .05).ConclusionsAmong smokers switching to an e-cigarette, greater increases in e-cigarette puff duration was associated with greater reductions in cigarette smoking.ImplicationsThe current study is one of the first to examine changes in smokers' e-cigarette puffing behavior and associated changes in cigarette consumption as they attempt to completely switch to e-cigarettes. During a 2-week switching period, participants reduced their cigarettes per day. Moreover, although e-cigarette puffs per day remained relatively stable, users' average puff duration increased significantly. Greater increases in e-cigarette puff duration were associated with greater reductions in cigarette smoking. Understanding how to effectively use an e-cigarette to best reduce and eventually quit smoking will be necessary as smokers increasingly turn to these products to facilitate possible cessation.
| S-EPMC8135414 | biostudies-literature