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Adaptation of enterovirus 71 to adult interferon deficient mice.

ABSTRACT: Non-polio enteroviruses, including enterovirus 71 (EV71), have caused severe and fatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in the Asia-Pacific region. The development of a vaccine or antiviral against these pathogens has been hampered by the lack of a reliable small animal model. In this study, a mouse adapted EV71 strain was produced by conducting serial passages through A129 (?/? interferon (IFN) receptor deficient) and AG129 (?/?, ? IFN receptor deficient) mice. A B2 sub genotype of EV71 was inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) into neonatal AG129 mice and brain-harvested virus was subsequently passaged through 12 and 15 day-old A129 mice. When tested in 10 week-old AG129 mice, this adapted strain produced 100% lethality with clinical signs including limb paralysis, eye irritation, loss of balance, and death. This virus caused only 17% mortality in same age A129 mice, confirming that in the absence of a functional IFN response, adult AG129 mice are susceptible to infection by adapted EV71 isolates. Subsequent studies in adult AG129 and young A129 mice with the adapted EV71 virus examined the efficacy of an inactivated EV71 candidate vaccine and determined the role of humoral immunity in protection. Passive transfer of rabbit immune sera raised against the EV71 vaccine provided protection in a dose dependent manner in 15 day-old A129 mice. Intramuscular injections (i.m.) in five week-old AG129 mice with the alum adjuvanted vaccine also provided protection against the mouse adapted homologous strain. No clinical signs of disease or mortality were observed in vaccinated animals, which received a prime-and-boost, whereas 71% of control animals were euthanized after exhibiting systemic clinical signs (P<0.05). The development of this animal model will facilitate studies on EV71 pathogenesis, antiviral testing, the evaluation of immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccine candidates, and has the potential to establish correlates of protection studies.

SUBMITTER: Caine EA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3602422 | biostudies-literature | 2013

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Adaptation of enterovirus 71 to adult interferon deficient mice.

Caine Elizabeth A EA Partidos Charalambos D CD Santangelo Joseph D JD Osorio Jorge E JE

PloS one 20130319 3

Non-polio enteroviruses, including enterovirus 71 (EV71), have caused severe and fatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in the Asia-Pacific region. The development of a vaccine or antiviral against these pathogens has been hampered by the lack of a reliable small animal model. In this study, a mouse adapted EV71 strain was produced by conducting serial passages through A129 (α/β interferon (IFN) receptor deficient) and AG129 (α/β, γ IFN receptor deficient) mice. A B2 sub genotype of ...[more]

PMID: 23527208

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Project description:UnlabelledHand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has spread throughout the Asia-Pacific region, affecting millions of young children, who develop symptoms ranging from painful blisters around their mouths and hands to neurological complications. Many members of the genus Enterovirus (family Picornaviridae) cause HFMD. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the primary causative agents and has been linked to severe disease. Vaccine efficacy and pathogenesis studies for EV71 have been limited because there is a lack of suitable animal models. Previously, we generated a mouse-adapted EV71 (mEV71) capable of infecting 12-week-old interferon receptor-deficient AG129 mice and used the model to evaluate the efficacy of candidate HFMD vaccines. Here, we present data investigating the genetic correlates of EV71 adaptation and characterize the virus's tissue tropism in mice. Using reverse genetics, a VP1 mutation (K244E) was shown to be necessary for mEV71 virulence in adult mice. Another VP1 mutation (H37R) was required for mEV71 recovery on rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Viral loads determined by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR confirmed the presence of mEV71 in the sera and multiple organs of mice. Histological analysis revealed signs of meningitis and encephalitis, characteristic of severe human disease. The further description of this model has provided insight into EV71 pathogenesis and demonstrates the importance of the VP1 region in facilitating mEV71 adaptation.ImportanceEV71 is a reemerging pathogen, and little is known about the genetic determinants involved in its pathogenesis. The absence of animal models has contributed to this lack of knowledge. The data presented here improve upon the existing animal models by characterizing a mouse-adapted strain of EV71. We determined that a VP1 mutation (K244E) was needed for EV71 virulence in adult AG129 mice. While this mutation was found previously for EV71 adaptation in 5-day-old BALB/c mice, neurotropic disease did not develop. Using interferon-deficient mice, we raised the age of susceptibility beyond 6 weeks and provided clear evidence that our model mimics severe human infections. The model can be exploited to identify determinants of EV71 virulence and to reveal molecular mechanisms that control the virus-host interaction, especially those associated with neurotropic disease. Furthermore, these data provide useful information regarding the importance of VP1, specifically position 244, in host adaptation and tissue dissemination.

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Adaptation of enterovirus 71 to adult interferon deficient mice.

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Adaptation of enterovirus 71 to adult interferon deficient mice.

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