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Juvenile hormone esterase: biochemistry and structure.

ABSTRACT: Normal insect development requires a precisely timed, precipitous drop in hemolymph juvenile hormone (JH) titer. This drop occurs through a coordinated halt in JH biosynthesis and increase in JH metabolism. In many species, JH esterase (JHE) is critical for metabolism of the resonance-stabilized methyl ester of JH. JHE metabolizes JH with a high kcat/KM ratio that results primarily from an exceptionally low KM. Here we review the biochemistry and structure of authentic and recombinant JHEs from six insect orders, and present updated diagnostic criteria that help to distinguish JHEs from other carboxylesterases. The use of a JHE-encoding gene to improve the insecticidal efficacy of biopesticides is also discussed.

SUBMITTER: Kamita SG

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3611591 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Juvenile hormone esterase: biochemistry and structure.

Kamita Shizuo G SG Hammock Bruce D BD

Journal of pesticide science 20100618 3

Normal insect development requires a precisely timed, precipitous drop in hemolymph juvenile hormone (JH) titer. This drop occurs through a coordinated halt in JH biosynthesis and increase in JH metabolism. In many species, JH esterase (JHE) is critical for metabolism of the resonance-stabilized methyl ester of JH. JHE metabolizes JH with a high kcat/KM ratio that results primarily from an exceptionally low KM. Here we review the biochemistry ...[more]

PMID: 23543805

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Molecular evolution of juvenile hormone esterase-like proteins in a socially exchanged fluid.

Project description:Socially exchanged fluids are a direct means by which an organism can influence conspecifics. It was recently shown that when workers of the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus feed larval offspring via trophallaxis, they transfer Juvenile Hormone III (JH), a key developmental regulator, as well as paralogs of JH esterase (JHE), an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of JH. Here we combine proteomic, phylogenetic and selection analyses to investigate the evolution of this esterase subfamily. We show that Camponotus JHE-like proteins have undergone multiple duplications, experienced positive selection, and changed tissue localization to become abundantly and selectively present in trophallactic fluid. The Camponotus trophallactic esterases have maintained their catalytic triads and contain a number of positively-selected amino acid changes distributed throughout the protein, which possibly reflect an adaptation to the highly acidic trophallactic fluid of formicine ants. To determine whether these esterases might regulate larval development, we fed workers with a JHE-specific pharmacological inhibitor to introduce it into the trophallactic network. This inhibitor increased the likelihood of pupation of the larvae reared by these workers, similar to the influence of food supplementation with JH. Together, these findings suggest that JHE-like proteins have evolved a new role in the inter-individual regulation of larval development in the Camponotus genus.

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Molecular evolution of juvenile hormone esterase-like proteins in a socially exchanged fluid

Project description:Socially exchanged fluids, such as seminal fluid and milk, are a direct means through which an organism can influence conspecifics. When orally feeding larval offspring via trophallaxis, workers of the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus were recently shown to transfer Juvenile Hormone III (JH), a key developmental regulator, as well as paralogs of JH esterase (JHE), an enzyme that catalyzes degradation of JH. Here we combine proteomic, phylogenetic and selection analyses to investigate the evolution of this esterase subfamily. We show that members of the Camponotus JHE-like protein family have undergone multiple duplications, experienced positive selection, and changed tissue localization to become abundantly and selectively present in trophallactic fluid. The Camponotus trophallactic esterases have maintained their catalytic triads but contain a number of positively-selected amino acid changes distributed throughout the protein, which possibly reflect an adaptation to the highly acidic trophallactic fluid of formicine ants. To determine whether these esterases might regulate larval development, we fed workers with a JHE-specific pharmacological inhibitor to introduce it into the trophallactic network. This inhibitor increased the likelihood of pupation of the larvae reared by these workers, similar and complementary to supplementation with JH. Together, these findings suggest that JHE-like proteins have evolved new roles in the Camponotus genus in inter-individual regulation of larval development.

2018-12-14 | PXD009982 | Pride

Structure, expression and gene sequence of a juvenile hormone esterase-related protein from metamorphosing larvae of Trichoplusia ni.

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Regulation of the juvenile hormone esterase gene by a composite core promoter.

Project description:Transcription from the core promoter of the juvenile hormone esterase gene (-61 to +28) requires the presence of both an AT-rich motif (TATA box) and an initiator motif for any transcription to occur, when assayed by either transcription in vitro with lepidopteran Sf9 nuclear extracts or by transient-transfection assay in Sf9 cells. Additional gel-shift experiments indicated that at least one additional binding site is essential for transcription to occur. Mutational analysis in the transcription-in vitro and cell-transfection assays demonstrated that a 14-bp region from +13 to +27 relative to the transcription start site is also essential for transcription to occur. Whereas the wild-type core promoter is highly transcriptionally active, inclusion of additional flanking sequences to position -212 reduces that activity approx. 100-fold, and inclusion of the 5' region out to position -500 reduces transcription by 200-fold. The pattern of dependence on both the AT-rich motif and the initiator for detectable transcription, and the high innate activity being repressed by 5'-binding factors, was recapitulated in mosquito C7-10 cells. This study demonstrates that the cellular juvenile hormone esterase gene is organized as a composite core promoter, dependent on both TATA-box and initiator-binding factors, an organization that has been more commonly reported for viral promoters. This highly active composite core promoter is made more complex by the absolute dependence on the presence of a third site shortly downstream from the initiator, which is distinct from the 'downstream promoter element' described from some TATA-less genes. The juvenile hormone esterase gene thus appears to be a model of a cellular composite core promoter with a multipartite, indispensible requirement for not just both the TATA box and initiator, but also for at least a third core element as well.

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Identification and characterization of juvenile hormone esterase gene from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

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Neofunctionalization of "Juvenile Hormone Esterase Duplication" in Drosophila as an odorant-degrading enzyme towards food odorants.

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Structural studies of a potent insect maturation inhibitor bound to the juvenile hormone esterase of Manduca sexta.

Project description:Juvenile hormone (JH) is an insect hormone containing an alpha,beta-unsaturated ester consisting of a small alcohol and long, hydrophobic acid. JH degradation is required for proper insect development. One pathway of this degradation is through juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), which cleaves the JH ester bond to produce methanol and JH acid. JHE is a member of the functionally divergent alpha/beta-hydrolase family of enzymes and is a highly efficient enzyme that cleaves JH at very low in vivo concentrations. We present here a 2.7 A crystal structure of JHE from the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (MsJHE) in complex with the transition state analogue inhibitor 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (OTFP) covalently bound to the active site. This crystal structure, the first JHE structure reported, contains a long, hydrophobic binding pocket with the solvent-inaccessible catalytic triad located at the end. The structure explains many of the interactions observed between JHE and its substrates and inhibitors, such as the preference for small alcohol groups and long hydrophobic backbones. The most potent JHE inhibitors identified to date contain a trifluoromethyl ketone (TFK) moiety and have a sulfur atom beta to the ketone. In this study, sulfur-aromatic interactions were observed between the sulfur atom of OTFP and a conserved aromatic residue in the crystal structure. Mutational analysis supported the hypothesis that these interactions contribute to the potency of sulfur-containing TFK inhibitors. Together, these results clarify the binding mechanism of JHE inhibitors and provide useful observations for the development of additional enzyme inhibitors for a variety of enzymes.

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Functional characterization of a juvenile hormone esterase related gene in the moth Sesamia nonagrioides through RNA interference.

Project description:Juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) is a carboxylesterase that has attracted great interest because of its critical role in regulating larval to adult transition in insects and other arthropods. Previously, we characterized an ecdysteroid sensitive and juvenile hormone non-susceptible juvenile hormone esterase related gene (SnJHER) in the corn stalk borer, Sesamia nonagrioides. SnJHER was rhythmically up-regulated close to each molt during the corn stalk borer's larval development. In this paper we attempted to functionally characterize SnJHER using several reverse genetics techniques. To functionally characterize SnJHER, we experimented with different dsRNA administration methods, including hemolymph, bacterial or baculovirus-mediated RNA interference, (RNAi). Our findings indicate the potential implication of SnJHER in the developmental programming of Sesamia nonagrioides. It is still unclear whether SnJHER is closely related to the authentic JHE gene, with different or similar biological functions.

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Genomic Characterization and Expression of Juvenile Hormone Esterase-Like Carboxylesterase Genes in Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.

Project description:The sesquiterpenoid methyl farnesoate (MF), a juvenile hormone (JH) analog, plays important roles in many physiological processes of crustaceans, such as morphogenesis, molting and reproduction. Juvenile hormone esterase-like (JHE-like) carboxylesterase (CXE) is a key enzyme in MF degradation, playing a significant role in regulating MF titer. However, its function is barely known in shrimp. In this study, a total of 21 JHE-like CXEs (LvCXEs) were characterized in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, based on the full genome and multi-transcriptomic data. LvCXE has a conserved triplet catalytic site (Ser-Glu-His) and a characteristic GxSxG motif. Most LvCXEs were highly expressed in the hepatopancreas, which was the main site for MF degradation. LvCXEs containing a GESAG motif showed a specific expansion in the L. vannamei genome. Those GESAG-containing LvCXEs presented differential expressions at different larvae stages and different molting stages of L. vannamei, which suggested their potential functions in development and molting. Additionally, when the transcription level of CXEs was inhibited, it could lead to failed molt and death of L. vannamei. When we further detected the expression levels of the key ecdysone responsive transcription factors including LvE75, LvBr-C, LvHr3 and LvFtz-f1 after the CXE inhibitor was injected into L. vannamei, they all showed apparent down-regulation. These results suggested that the expansion of LvCXEs in the L. vannamei genome should contribute to the regulation of metamorphosis at larvae stages and frequent molting during the growth of L. vannamei.

| S-EPMC7432913 | biostudies-literature

Juvenile hormone (JH) esterase of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus is not a target of the JH analog insecticide methoprene.

Project description:Juvenile hormones (JHs) are essential sesquiterpenes that control insect development and reproduction. JH analog (JHA) insecticides such as methoprene are compounds that mimic the structure and/or biological activity of JH. In this study we obtained a full-length cDNA, cqjhe, from the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus that encodes CqJHE, an esterase that selectively metabolizes JH. Unlike other recombinant esterases that have been identified from dipteran insects, CqJHE hydrolyzed JH with specificity constant (k(cat)/K(M) ratio) and V(max) values that are common among JH esterases (JHEs). CqJHE showed picomolar sensitivity to OTFP, a JHE-selective inhibitor, but more than 1000-fold lower sensitivity to DFP, a general esterase inhibitor. To our surprise, CqJHE did not metabolize the isopropyl ester of methoprene even when 25 pmol of methoprene was incubated with an amount of CqJHE that was sufficient to hydrolyze 7,200 pmol of JH to JH acid under the same assay conditions. In competition assays in which both JH and methoprene were available to CqJHE, methoprene did not show any inhibitory effects on the JH hydrolysis rate even when methoprene was present in the assay at a 10-fold higher concentration relative to JH. Our findings indicated that JHE is not a molecular target of methoprene. Our findings also do not support the hypothesis that methoprene functions in part by inhibiting the action of JHE.

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