Characterization of a Novel Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-encoding staphylococcal phage and its naturally PVL-lacking variant.
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SUBMITTER: El Haddad L
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3623202 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Apr
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Characterization of a Novel Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-encoding staphylococcal phage and its naturally PVL-lacking variant.
El Haddad Lynn L Moineau Sylvain S
Applied and environmental microbiology 20130208 8
A new siphophage (LH1) was isolated from raw milk using a Staphylococcus aureus ST352 host. Its genome (46,048 bp, 57 open reading frames) includes the two genes encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a virulence factor usually harbored by S. aureus prophages. Nine structural proteins were identified, including a tail protein generated through a +1 frameshift. A phage lytic mutant was isolated, and its analysis revealed the deletion of genes coding for the PVL and an integrase. The deletion ...[more]
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Project description:Genetically diverse community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) can harbor a bacteriophage encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) lysogenized into its chromosome (prophage). Six PVL phages (ΦPVL, Φ108PVL, ΦSLT, ΦSa2MW, ΦSa2USA, and ΦSa2958) are known, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PVL genes have been reported. We sought to determine the distribution of lysogenized PVL phages among MRSA strains with PVL (PVL-MRSA strains), the PVL gene sequences, and the chromosomal phage insertion sites in 114 isolates comprising nine clones of PVL-MRSA that were selected for maximal underlying genetic diversity. The six PVL phages were identified by PCR; ΦSa2USA was present in the highest number of different lineages (multilocus sequence type clonal complex 1 [CC1], CC5, CC8, and sequence type 93 [ST93]) (n = 37 isolates). Analysis of 92 isolates confirmed that PVL phages inserted into the same chromosomal insertion locus in CC22, -30, and -80 but in a different locus in isolates of CC1, -5, -8, -59, and -88 and ST93 (and CC22 in two isolates). Within the two different loci, specific attachment motifs were found in all cases, although some limited inter- and intralineage sequence variation occurred. Overall, lineage-specific relationships between the PVL phage, the genes that encode the toxin, and the position at which the phage inserts into the host chromosome were identified. These analyses provide important insights into the microepidemiology of PVL-MRSA, will prove a valuable adjunct in outbreak investigation, and may help predict the emergence of new strains.
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Project description:A total of 19 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were investigated for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin, PVL gene sequence variation and PVL-encoding phages. Whole genome sequencing was performed for all isolates. Analysis of MRSA isolates (n = 19) confirmed that most MRSA (n = 11) were positive for the PVL gene and were multidrug resistant. ST772-MRSA-V was the predominant PVL-positive MRSA clone, although all of them were found to carry the ?IND772PVL phage in the genome. This study provides insights into the evolution of a new lineage of PVL-MRSA and highlights the potential risk of the emergence of multidrug-resistant community-acquired MRSA with high virulence.
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Project description:We determined the entire nucleotide sequence of phiSa2958-carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene, which was lysogenized in a sequence type 5 staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type II strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Based on the nucleotide sequences of PVL phages, we developed PCRs to discriminate among five PVL phages, with a preliminary classification into two morphological groups (elongated-head type and icosahedral-head type) with four PCRs, including two PCRs for identifying the gene lineage between lukS-PV and the tail gene. The phages were then classified into five types by four PCRs identifying each phage-specific structure. With these PCRs, we examined the PVL phage types of 67 MRSA strains isolated in Japan from 1979 through 1985 and since 2000 and found that two morphologically distinct phages were predominant in Japan. The icosahedral-head-type phage, represented by the phi108PVL type, was identified for 39 of 53 strains isolated from 1979 through 1985. Of 26 other Japanese isolates, 25 belonged either definitively or presumably to elongated-head types as follows: 3 belonged to the phiSa2958 type; 8 were determined to belong to an elongated-head type, but a determination of greater specificity was not made; and 14 belonged to a phiSa2958-like phage of unknown type. We induced prophages by treatment with mitomycin C from six strains of the phiSa2958 type or of phiSa2958-like unknown-type phages; five of six strains carried intact PVL-carrying phages, which can infect other S. aureus strains and might generate novel PVL-positive strains of S. aureus. That various SCCmec elements were carried by different strains of the same phage type suggests that S. aureus strains might independently acquire PVL phages before they acquire various SCCmec elements.
| S-EPMC2566072 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We report on an outbreak of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) among kindergarten families. We analyzed the transmission route and aimed to control the outbreak.The transmission route was investigated by nasal screening for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-producing Staphylococcus aureus (PVL-SA), subsequent microbiological investigation including whole genome sequencing and a questionnaire-based analysis of epidemiological information. The control measures included distribution of outbreak information to all individuals at risk and implementation of a Staphylococcus aureus decontamination protocol.Individuals from 7 of 19 families were either colonized or showed signs of SSTI such as massive abscesses or eye lid infections. We found 10 PVL-SA isolates in 9 individuals. In the WGS-analysis all isolates were found identical with a maximum of 17 allele difference. The clones were methicillin-susceptible but cotrimoxazole resistant. In comparison to PVL-SAs from an international strain collection, the outbreak clone showed close genetical relatedness to PVL-SAs from a non-European country. The questionnaire results showed frequent travels of one family to this area. The results also demonstrated likely transmission via direct contact between families. After initiation of Staphylococcus aureus decontamination no further case was detected.Our outbreak investigation showed the introduction of a PVL-SA strain into a kindergarten likely as a result of international travel and further transmission by direct contact. The implementation of a Staphylococcus aureus decontamination protocol was able to control the outbreak.
| S-EPMC5736205 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionSkin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) caused by Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus (PVL-SA) are associated with recurrent skin abscesses. Secondary prevention, in conjunction with primary treatment of the infection, focuses on topical decolonization. Topical decolonization is a standard procedure in cases of recurrent PVL-SA skin infections and is recommended in international guidelines. However, this outpatient treatment is often not fully reimbursed by health insurance providers, which may interfere with successful PVL-SA decolonization.AimOur goal was to estimate the cost effectiveness of outpatient decolonization of patients with recurrent PVL-SA skin infections. We calculated the average cost of treatment for PVL-SA per outpatient decolonization procedure as well as per in-hospital stay.MethodsThe study was conducted between 2014 and 2018 at a German tertiary care university hospital. The cohort analyzed was obtained from the hospital's microbiology laboratory database. Data on medical costs, DRG-based diagnoses, and ICD-10 patient data was obtained from the hospital's financial controlling department. We calculated the average cost of treatment for patients admitted for treatment of PVL-SA induced skin infections. The cost of outpatient treatment is based on the German regulations of drug prices for prescription drugs.ResultsWe analyzed a total of n = 466 swabs from n = 411 patients with recurrent skin infections suspected of carrying PVL-SA. PVL-SA was detected in 61.3% of all patients included in the study. Of those isolates, 80.6% were methicillin-susceptible, 19.4% methicillin-resistant. 89.8% of all patients were treated as outpatients. In 73.0% of inpatients colonized with PVL-SA the main diagnosis was SSTI. The median length of stay was 5.5 days for inpatients colonized with PVL-SA whose main diagnosis SSTI; the average cost was €2,283. The estimated costs per decolonization procedure in outpatients ranged from €50-€110, depending on the products used.ConclusionOur data shows that outpatient decolonization offers a highly cost-effective secondary prevention strategy, which may prevent costly inpatient treatments. Therefore, health insurance companies should consider providing coverage of outpatient treatment of recurrent PVL-SA skin and soft tissue infections.
| S-EPMC8232536 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSome Staphylococcus aureus strains produce Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a bi-component pore-forming toxin, which causes leukocyte lysis and tissue necrosis. Currently, there is very limited information on the molecular epidemiology of PVL-encoding S. aureus strains in Iran. This study aimed to determine the molecular epidemiology and genetic background of PVL-positive S. aureus clinical strains isolated from Iranian patients.MethodsA total of 28 PVL-positive S. aureus strains were detected from 600 S. aureus isolates between February 2015 and March 2018 from different hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Molecular genotyping was performed using SCCmec and accessory gene regulator (agr) typing, PVL haplotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).ResultsThe highest antibiotic resistance rate was found to be against erythromycin (57.1%), followed by ciprofloxacin (42.8%) and clindamycin (35.7%). Moreover, 19 (67.9%) out of 28 S. aureus isolates were identified as MRSA, including CA-MRSA (14/19, 73.7%) and HA-MRSA (5/19, 26.3%). SCCmec type IVa was detected as the predominant type (10/19, 52.6%), followed by type III (5/19, 26.3%) and type V (4/19, 21.1%). The agr type I was identified as the most common type (14/28, 50%), and H and R haplotype groups were observed at frequencies of 67.9 and 32.1%, respectively. Among H variants, the predominant variant was H2 (78/9%). The isolates encompassed 21 different sequence types (STs), including 16 new STs (ST5147 to ST5162). Based on eBURST analysis, the isolates were clustered into five CCs, including CC30, CC22, CC1, CC8, and CC5 (ST5160), and nine singletons. PFGE typing showed that 24 isolates were clustered into A (4 pulsotypes), B (9 pulsotypes), and C (11 pulsotypes) clusters.ConclusionsA high prevalence of PVL-positive CA-MRSA strains was detected in Iran. The majority of PVL-positive isolates were of H (mostly H2) variant, while R variant was harbored by 100% of PVL-positive MRSA strains. Also, CC8, CC22, and CC30 were identified as the dominant clones among PVL-encoding S. aureus strains. This study promotes a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology and evolution of PVL-positive S. aureus strains in Iran.
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Project description: Not available
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Project description:Production of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) by Staphylococcus aureus is mediated via the genes lukS-PV and lukF-PV which are carried on bacteriophage ϕSa2. PVL is associated with S. aureus strains that cause serious infections and clones of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) that have additionally disseminated widely. In Western Australia (WA) the original CA-MRSA were PVL negative however, between 2005 and 2008, following the introduction of eight international PVL-positive CA-MRSA, PVL-positive WA CA-MRSA were found. There was concern that PVL bacteriophages from the international clones were transferring into the local clones, therefore a comparative study of PVL-carrying ϕSa2 prophage genomes from historic WA PVL-positive S. aureus and representatives of all PVL-positive CA-MRSA isolated in WA between 2005 and 2008 was performed. The prophages were classified into two genera and three PVL bacteriophage groups and had undergone many recombination events during their evolution. Comparative analysis of mosaic regions of selected bacteriophages using the Alignments of bacteriophage genomes (Alpha) aligner revealed novel recombinations and modules. There was heterogeneity in the chromosomal integration sites, the lysogeny regulation regions, the defence and DNA processing modules, the structural and packaging modules and the lukSF-PV genes. One WA CA-MRSA (WA518751) and one international clone (Korean Clone) have probably acquired PVL-carrying ϕSa2 in WA, however these clones did not disseminate in the community. Genetic heterogeneity made it impossible to trace the source of the PVL prophages in the other WA clones. Against this background of PVL prophage diversity, the sequence of one group, the ϕSa2USA/ϕSa2wa-st93 group, was remarkably stable over at least 20 years and associated with the highly virulent USA300 and ST93-IVa CA-MRSA lineages that have disseminated globally.
| S-EPMC7010278 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Staphylococcus aureus is well adapted to the human host. Evasion of the host phagocyte response is critical for successful infection. The staphylococcal bicomponent pore-forming toxins Panton-Valentine leukocidin LukSF-PV (PVL) and ?-hemolysin CB (HlgCB) target human phagocytes through interaction with the complement receptors C5aR1 and C5aR2. Currently, the apparent redundancy of both toxins cannot be adequately addressed in experimental models of infection because mice are resistant to PVL and HlgCB. The molecular basis for species specificity of the two toxins in animal models is not completely understood. We show that PVL and HlgCB feature distinct activity toward neutrophils of different mammalian species, where activity of PVL is found to be restricted to fewer species than that of HlgCB. Overexpression of various mammalian C5a receptors in HEK cells confirms that cytotoxicity toward neutrophils is driven by species-specific interactions of the toxins with C5aR1. By taking advantage of the species-specific engagement of the toxins with their receptors, we demonstrate that PVL and HlgCB differentially interact with human C5aR1 and C5aR2. In addition, binding studies illustrate that different parts of the receptor are involved in the initial binding of the toxin and the subsequent formation of lytic pores. These findings allow a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of pore formation. Finally, we show that the toxicity of PVL, but not of HlgCB, is neutralized by various C5aR1 antagonists. This study offers directions for the development of improved preclinical models for infection, as well as for the design of drugs antagonizing leukocidin toxicity.
| S-EPMC4506853 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundRecurrent skin abscesses are often associated with Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing strains of S. aureus (PVL-SA). Decolonization measures are required along with treatment of active infections to prevent re-infection and spreading. Even though most PVL-SA patients are treated as outpatients, there are few studies that assess the effectiveness of outpatient topical decolonization in PVL-SA patients.MethodsWe assessed the results of topical decolonization of PVL-SA in a retrospective review of patient files and personal interviews. Successful decolonization was defined as the absence of any skin abscesses for at least 6 months after completion of the final decolonization treatment. Clinical and demographic data was assessed. An intention-to-treat protocol was used.ResultsOur cohort consisted of 115 symptomatic patients, 66% from PVL-positive MSSA and 19% from PVL-positive MRSA. The remaining 16% consisted of symptomatic patients with close contact to PVL-SA positive index patients but without detection of PVL-SA. The majority of patients were female (66%). The median age was 29.87% of the patients lived in multiple person households. Our results showed a 48% reduction in symptomatic PVL-SA cases after the first decolonization treatment. The results also showed that the decrease continued with each repeated decolonization treatment and reached 89% following the 5th treatment. A built multivariable Cox proportional-hazards model showed that the absence of PVL-SA detection (OR 2.0) and living in single person households (OR 2.4) were associated with an independently increased chance of successful decolonization.ConclusionIn our cohort, topical decolonization was a successful preventive measure for reducing the risk of PVL-SA skin abscesses in the outpatient setting. Special attention should be given to patients living in multiple person households because these settings could confer a risk that decolonization will not be successful.
| S-EPMC7173765 | biostudies-literature