Insulin regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α transcription by reactive oxygen species sensitive activation of Sp1 in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Biswas S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3633924 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1? (HIF-1?) is a master regulator of the cellular response to low oxygen. HIF-1? protein accumulates in hypoxia due to inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase enzymes, which under normoxic conditions use molecular oxygen to hydroxylate HIF-1? on two conserved proline residues (Pro(402) and Pro(564)), thus targeting the protein for 26 S proteasome-dependent degradation. A functional mitochondrial electron transport chain is known to be necessary for HIF-1? stabilization in hypoxia. It has been reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced under hypoxia by complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, play a critical role in the stabilization of the HIF-1? protein, possibly by directly inhibiting prolyl hydroxylase enzymes. In contrast, we found that ROS production by complex III is not required for hypoxia-induced HIF-1? stabilization. Thus, reestablishing mitochondrial oxygen consumption in the presence of a complex III inhibitor by using an artificial electron donor to complex IV or by overexpressing Ciona intestinalis alternative oxidase results in HIF-1? protein stabilization in hypoxia. Furthermore, five inhibitors that target different sites of the mitochondrial electron transport chain have similar effects on the HIF-1? protein half-life in hypoxia but vary in their effects on mitochondrial ROS production. Finally, ROS do not regulate prolyl hydroxylase activity directly. We conclude that HIF-1? protein stabilization in hypoxia occurs independently of mitochondrial ROS production. However, mitochondria can modulate the cellular hypoxic response through altered respiratory activity, likely by regulating the cellular oxygen availability.
| S-EPMC2951202 | biostudies-literature