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Origin of B0 orientation dependent R2() (=1/T2()) in white matter.

ABSTRACT: Recent MRI studies have demonstrated that the relative orientation of white matter fibers to the B0 field significantly affects R2(*) measurement. In this work, the origin of this effect was investigated by measuring R2 and R2(*) in multiple orientations and fitting the results to magnetic susceptibility-based models and magic angle-based models. To further explore the source of magnetic susceptibility effect, the contribution of tissue iron to the orientation dependent R2(*) contrast was investigated. Additionally, the effects of temperature on R2(*) and orientation dependent R2(*) contrasts were studied to understand the differences reported between a fixed specimen at room temperature and in vivo at body temperature. The results suggest that the B0 dependent R2(*) variation is better explained by the magnetic susceptibility-based model with susceptibility anisotropy. However, extracting tissue iron did not reduce the orientation dependent R2(*) contrast, suggesting iron is not the origin of the contrast. This leaves susceptibility effects from myelin as the most probable origin of the contrast. Temperature showed large contribution on both R2(*) and orientation dependent R2(*) contrasts, explaining a portion of the contrast difference between the in-vivo and in-vitro conditions.

SUBMITTER: Oh SH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3638902 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Origin of B0 orientation dependent R2() (=1/T2()) in white matter.

Oh Se-Hong SH Kim Young-Bo YB Cho Zang-Hee ZH Lee Jongho J

NeuroImage 20130131

Recent MRI studies have demonstrated that the relative orientation of white matter fibers to the B0 field significantly affects R2(*) measurement. In this work, the origin of this effect was investigated by measuring R2 and R2(*) in multiple orientations and fitting the results to magnetic susceptibility-based models and magic angle-based models. To further explore the source of magnetic susceptibility effect, the contribution of tissue iron to the orientation dependent R2(*) contrast was invest ...[more]

PMID: 23376494

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Project description:BackgroundR2* relaxometry analysis combined with quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), which has high sensitivity to iron deposition, can distinguish microstructural changes of the white matter (WM) and iron deposition, thereby providing a sensitive and biologically specific measure of the WM owing to the changes in myelin and its surrounding environment. This study aimed to explore the microstructural WM alterations associated with cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) using R2* relaxometry analysis combined with QSM.Materials and methodsWe enrolled 24 patients with PD and mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), 22 patients with PD and normal cognition (PD-CN), and 19 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). All participants underwent Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and brain magnetic resonance imaging, including structural three-dimensional T1-weighted images and multiple spoiled gradient echo sequence (mGRE). The R2* and susceptibility maps were estimated from the multiple magnitude images of mGRE. The susceptibility maps were used for verifying iron deposition in the WM. The voxel-based R2* of the entire WM and its correlation with cognitive performance were analyzed.ResultsIn the voxel-based group comparisons, the R2* in the PD-MCI group was lower in some WM regions, including the corpus callosum, than R2* in the PD-CN and HC groups. The mean susceptibility values in almost all brain regions were negative and close-to-zero values, indicating no detectable paramagnetic iron deposition in the WM of all subjects. There was a significant positive correlation between R2* and MoCA in some regions of the WM, mainly the corpus callosum and left hemisphere.ConclusionR2* relaxometry analysis for WM microstructural changes provided further biologic insights on demyelination and changes in the surrounding environment, supported by the QSM results demonstrating no iron existence. This analysis highlighted the potential for the early evaluation of cognitive decline in patients with PD.

Project description:Multiple sclerosis leads to diffuse damage of the central nervous system, affecting also the normal-appearing white matter. Demyelination and axonal degeneration reduce regional fractional anisotropy in normal-appearing white matter, which can be routinely mapped with diffusion tensor imaging. However, the standard fractional anisotropy metric is also sensitive to physiological variations in orientation dispersion of white matter fibres. This complicates the detection of disease-related damage in large parts of cerebral white matter where microstructure physiologically displays a high degree of fibre dispersion. To resolve this ambiguity, we employed a novel tensor-valued encoding method for diffusion MRI, which yields a microscopic fractional anisotropy metric that is unaffected by regional variations in orientation dispersion. In 26 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, 14 patients with primary-progressive multiple sclerosis and 27 age-matched healthy controls, we compared standard fractional anisotropy mapping with the novel microscopic fractional anisotropy mapping method, focusing on normal-appearing white matter. Mean microscopic fractional anisotropy and standard fractional anisotropy of normal-appearing white matter were significantly reduced in both patient groups relative to healthy controls, but microscopic fractional anisotropy yielded a better reflection of disease-related white-matter alterations. The reduction in mean microscopic fractional anisotropy showed a significant positive linear relationship with physical disability, as reflected by the expanded disability status scale. Mean reduction of microscopic fractional anisotropy in normal-appearing white matter also scaled positively with individual cognitive dysfunction, as measured with the symbol digit modality test. Mean microscopic fractional anisotropy reduction in normal-appearing white matter also showed a positive relationship with total white-matter lesion load as well as lesion load in specific tract systems. None of these relationships between normal-appearing white-matter microstructure and clinical, cognitive or structural measures emerged when using mean fractional anisotropy. Together, the results provide converging evidence that microscopic fractional anisotropy mapping substantially advances the assessment of cerebral white matter in multiple sclerosis by disentangling microstructure damage from variations in physiological fibre orientation dispersion at the stage of data acquisition. Since tensor-valued encoding can be implemented in routine diffusion MRI, microscopic fractional anisotropy mapping bears considerable potential for the future assessment of disease progression in normal-appearing white matter in both relapsing-remitting and progressive forms of multiple sclerosis as well as other white-matter-related brain diseases.

Dataset Information

Origin of B0 orientation dependent R2(*) (=1/T2(*)) in white matter.

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Origin of B0 orientation dependent R2(*) (=1/T2(*)) in white matter.

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Origin of B0 orientation dependent R2() (=1/T2()) in white matter.

Origin of B0 orientation dependent R2() (=1/T2()) in white matter.