Assessing secondhand smoke exposure with reported measures.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Avila-Tang E
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3639349 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:IntroductionExposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is associated with morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease, lung cancer, respiratory infections, asthma, sudden infant death syndrome, and other illnesses. Although substantial numbers of college students smoke, little is known about their exposure to SHS. This paper provides data on self-reported exposure of college students to SHS.MethodsA Web-based survey of a random sample of undergraduate students at 10 universities (eight public and two private) in North Carolina was conducted (N = 4,223).ResultsA total of 83% of students reported any exposure in the 7 days preceding the survey. Exposure in a restaurant or bar was the most common (reported by 65% of students), followed by exposure at home or in the same room as a smoker (55%) and in a car (38%). Being a daily or nondaily smoker, binge drinking, being a fraternity or sorority member or pledge, female gender, White race, and higher parental education levels were associated with exposure in one or more contexts. Students younger than 21 years were less likely to report exposure in a bar or restaurant and more likely to report exposure in cars or at home. The overall campus smoking rate was positively associated with reported exposure in cars, at home or in someone's room, and in any location.DiscussionCollege administrators, other policy makers, and tobacco control advocates should take steps to reduce smoking and concomitant exposure to SHS among college students.
| S-EPMC2711986 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:It is well established that secondhand smoke (SHS) is harmful, and concern about the potential dangers associated with secondhand vapour (SHV) (ie, vapour from electronic vapour products, EVP) is growing. The present study examines the prevalence and characteristics associated with SHS and SHV exposure. METHODS:Data from youth aged 11-17 who completed the 2016 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (n=58?616) were analysed. Demographics, past 30?day SHS and SHV exposure, environmental factors, cigarette and EVP use status, SHS and SHV harm perceptions, and tobacco susceptibility were assessed. Weighted multivariable logistic regressions were performed to examine characteristics associated with SHS and SHV exposure, and SHS and SHV exposure with tobacco susceptibility. RESULTS:Overall, 42% of Florida youth reported SHS exposure and 29% reported SHV exposure during the past 30 days. Living in a home where tobacco use was permitted (vs not permitted) was positively associated with SHS (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.57) and SHV exposure (AOR 1.56). Perceived SHS as harmful (vs not harmful) was positively associated with SHS (AOR 1.73) and SHV exposure (AOR 1.97), while perceived SHV as harmful was negatively associated with SHS (AOR 0.86) and SHV exposure (AOR 0.56). SHS and SHV exposure was significantly associated with susceptibility to cigarette and EVP use (AOR 1.40 and 2.08, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:Almost one-third of Florida youth reported SHV exposure. Factors associated with SHS and SHV exposure are somewhat similar, and exposure to SHS and SHV is associated with tobacco susceptibility in youth. Promoting tobacco-free homes is needed to protect youth from SHS and SHV exposure.
| S-EPMC6338527 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAirports may represent significant sources of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure for both travelers and employees. While previously common smoking rooms have largely disappeared from US airports, smoking continues to occur outdoors at terminal entrances. SHS may be especially high at arrival areas, since they oftentimes are partially enclosed by overhead departures, creating stagnant microenvironments. This study assessed particulate matter <2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5), a common surrogate for SHS, at airport terminal locations to evaluate both outdoor exposure risk and possible indoor drift of SHS from outdoor sources.MethodsA convenience sample of nine airport terminal arrival areas in the US state of Florida was surveyed between February and July 2018. PM2.5 levels were assessed outdoors and indoors at terminal entrances and at control areas far into terminal interiors. We also examined the impact of smoking location on SHS exposure by correlating cigarette and passing vehicle counts with PM2.5 levels at terminals with contrasting proximity of designated smoking locations to terminal entrances.ResultsAlthough outdoor PM2.5 levels (mean 17.9, SD 6.1 µg/m3) were significantly higher than indoors (p < 0.001), there was no difference between indoor areas directly inside terminal entrances and areas much further interior (mean 8.8, SD 2.6 vs mean 8.5, SD 3.0 µg/m3, p=0.49). However, when smoking areas were in close proximity to terminal entrances, the number of lit cigarettes and vehicular traffic per minute predicted 70% of the variance of PM2.5 levels (p < 0.001), which was attributable mostly to the cigarette number (β = 0.83; 95% CI (0.55 to 1.11); p < 0.001). This effect was not observed at smoking areas further away.ConclusionPM2.5 data did not suggest indoor drift from outside smoking. Nevertheless, absolute exposure outdoors was high and correlated with the location of designated smoking areas. Further studies are needed to examine the effect of microclimate formation on exposure risk.
| S-EPMC6377972 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Epidemiologic evidence provides some support for a causal association between maternal secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure during pregnancy and reduction in infant birth weight. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to examine the magnitude of this association in China, where both prevalence and dose of SHS exposure are thought to be higher than in U.S. populations. Women who gave birth in Beijing and Changchun September 2000-November 2001 were interviewed to quantify self-reported prenatal SHS exposure. Their medical records were reviewed for data on pregnancy complications and birth outcomes. Non-smoking women who delivered term babies (?37 weeks gestation) were included in the study (N = 2,770). Nearly a quarter of the women (24%) reported daily SHS exposure, 47% reported no prenatal exposure, and 75% denied any SHS exposure from the husband smoking at home. Overall, no deficit in mean birth weight was observed with exposure from all sources of SHS combined (+11 grams, 95% CI: +2, +21). Infants had higher mean birth weights among the exposed than the unexposed for all measures of SHS exposure. Future studies on SHS exposure and infant birth weight in China should emphasize more objective measures of exposure to quantify and account for any exposure misclassification.
| S-EPMC3509463 | biostudies-other
Project description:: No study has reported the relationship between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and hypertension in self-reported never-smokers verified by nicotine metabolite. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between SHS exposure and hypertension in self-reported and cotinine-verified never-smokers. A total of 106,268 self-reported never-smokers, verified as nonsmokers by urinary cotinine, who participated in Kangbuk Samsung Cohort study (KSCS) between 2012 and 2016 were included. Cotinine-verified nonsmokers were defined as individuals having urinary cotinine <50 ng/mL. SHS exposure was defined as current exposure to passive smoke indoors at home or the workplace. The multivariate regression model revealed that SHS exposure was associated with hypertension (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)), 1.16 (1.08, 1.24)). Current SHS exposure that has been exposed to home SHS (1.22 (1.11, 1.33)) as well as current SHS exposure only at the workplace (1.15 (1.02, 1.29)) significantly increased the ORs for hypertension compared to no SHS exposure. There was no significant gender interaction for the relationships between SHS exposure and hypertension. This study showed that SHS exposure was significantly associated with hypertension in self-reported never-smokers verified as nonsmokers by urinary cotinine, suggesting necessity of health program and stricter smoking regulation to reduce the risk of hypertension.
| S-EPMC6723357 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background/aimsThere is no study assessing the effect of changes of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and new-onset hypertension. We investigated the effect of a change of SHS exposure status on new-onset hypertension in self-reported and cotinine-verified never smokers.MethodsOut of individuals enrolled in the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study between 2011 and 2016, 87,486 self-reported and cotinine-verified never smokers without hypertension at baseline visit were included with a median follow-up of 36 months. Individuals were divided into four groups on the basis of their SHS exposure status at baseline and at follow-up: no, new, former, and sustained SHS exposure groups.ResultsThe incidence rates per 10,000 person-year of new-onset hypertension in no, new, former, and sustained SHS exposure groups were 84.7, 113.3, 102.0, and 123.7, respectively (p < 0.001). A multivariable Cox-hazard analyses showed that new and sustained SHS exposure groups increased their hazard ratio (HR) for new-onset hypertension compared to no SHS exposure group (HR, 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 1.60 for new SHS exposure group; and HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.45 for sustained SHS exposure group). However, being part of the former SHS exposure group did not increase the risk of new-onset hypertension (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.03).ConclusionThis study showed that either new, or sustained SHS exposure, but not former SHS exposure, increased the risk for new-onset hypertension in self-reported never smokers verified as nonsmokers by urinary cotinine. These findings show the possibility that changing exposure to SHS even for a relatively short period can modify the risk of new-onset hypertension in self-reported and cotinine-verified never smokers.
| S-EPMC8588976 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionPregnant women often underreport their smoking status and extent of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Biomarker confirmation is the recommended method to assess smoking behaviors and SHS exposure in both mothers and infants.ObjectivesThe primary aims are to (a) examine the relationship between smoking behaviors and SHS exposure in mother-baby couplets using maternal and infant hair nicotine and maternal urine cotinine analyses and (b) determine whether there is an association between maternal and infant hair nicotine samples obtained shortly after birth.DiscussionA cross-sectional study with a multiethnic sample of 210 mother-baby couplets assessing SHS exposure.ResultsThe level of maternal hair nicotine (MHN) was significantly different among three groups: nonsmoking, nonsmoking/passive exposed, and smoking (p < .0001), with nonsmoking and nonexposed women having the lowest level. Urine cotinine was strongly associated with self-reported smoking status (rho = .88; p < .0001). Maternal and infant hair nicotine were correlated, although MHN correlated more strongly with smoking status (rho = .46, p < .0001) than infant hair nicotine (rho = .39, p < .0001).ConclusionsMHN was a more precise biomarker of prenatal SHS exposure than infant hair nicotine; mothers' urine cotinine was strongly correlated with self-reported smoking status.
| S-EPMC2816196 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundWe conducted a psychometric analysis of an adapted secondhand smoke (SHS) questionnaire by testing the three-component structure of the original scale that measures SHS exposure in home, work and social environments.MethodsThe 15-item questionnaire was administered to 839 daily smokers participating in a multi-site randomized controlled trial. Following parallel analysis, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis specifying a three-factor structure. Cronbach's alphas and fit indices were calculated to assess internal consistency. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing the Social environments subscale to the Brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives Social/Environmental Goads subscale. Predicative validity of the questionnaire was assessed using linear regressions and tobacco biomarkers of harm; NNAL, expired carbon monoxide and total cotinine.ResultsFive items did not load onto any factor and were dropped, resulting in a 10-item questionnaire. The Cronbach's alphas were (0.86), (0.77) and (0.67) for the Work, Social, and Home subscales, respectively. The WISDM subscale was moderately correlated with scores on the Social subscale (r = 0.57, p < 0.001). The questionnaire demonstrated predictive validity of smoke exposure above individual's own reported use as measured by cigarettes smoked per day.ConclusionsThree constructs emerged; results indicate that a shortened 10-item scale could be used in future studies.
| S-EPMC8038386 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundImplementation of smoke free policies has potentially substantial effects on health by reducing secondhand smoke exposure. However little is known about whether the introduction of anti-smoking legislation translates into decreased secondhand smoke exposure. We examined whether smoking bans impact rates of secondhand smoke exposure in public places and rates of complete workplace smoking restriction.MethodsCanadian Community Health Survey was used to obtain secondhand smoking exposure rates in 15 Ontario municipalities. Data analysis included descriptive summaries and 95% confidence intervals were calculated and compared across groupsResultsAcross all studied municipalities, secondhand smoke exposure in public places decreased by 4.7% and workplace exposure decreased by 2.3% between the 2003 and 2005 survey years. The only jurisdiction to implement a full ban from no previous ban was also the only setting that experienced significant decreases in both individual exposure to secondhand smoke in a public place (-17.3%, 95% CI -22.8, -11.8) and workplace exposure (-18.1%, 95% CI -24.9, -11.3). Exposures in vehicles and homes declined in almost all settings over time.ConclusionsImplementation of a full smoking ban was associated with the largest decreases in secondhand smoke exposure while partial bans and changes in existing bans had inconsistent effects. In addition to decreasing exposure in public places as would be expected from legislation, bans may have additional benefits by decreasing rates of current smokers and decreasing exposures to secondhand smoke in private settings.
| S-EPMC3064640 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Tobacco smoke is a major risk factor in the development of COPD. Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a known risk factor in asthma, bronchitis, and coronary artery disease. Elastin is a recognized target for injury in COPD, and the amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine (D/I), which are specific for elastin degradation, are elevated in COPD. This study determined whether exposure to SHS affects elastin degradation in asymptomatic individuals.Two cohorts of asymptomatic individuals without evidence of respiratory or circulatory disease, exposed to SHS, were studied. Both cohorts comprised normal nonsmokers, active smokers, and those exposed to SHS. D/I were measured in plasma and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry by published methods. Plasma cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, was also measured.In each cohort, the levels of D/I in plasma were statistically significantly higher in secondhand-smoke-exposed subjects than in the normal nonexposed subjects. Smokers had the highest levels of D/I but their levels were not statistically significantly higher than those of the secondhand-smoke-exposed. Cotinine levels were elevated in secondhand-smoke-exposed subjects and active smokers but not in most nonsmoking control subjects.Results indicate a tissue matrix effect of degradation of body elastin from SHS exposure and possible lung structure injury, which may result in COPD. Long-term studies of individuals exposed to SHS for the development of COPD are warranted.
| S-EPMC3662186 | biostudies-other