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Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 is essential for corneal alymphaticity.

ABSTRACT: Corneal transparency is a prerequisite for optimal vision and in turn relies on an absence of blood and lymphatic vessels, which is remarkable given the cornea's proximity to vascularized tissues. Membrane-bound vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3), with its cognate ligand vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), is a major mediator of lymphangiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the cornea expresses a novel truncated isoform of this molecule, soluble VEGFR-3 (sVEGFR-3), which is critical for corneal alymphaticity, by sequestering VEGF-C. sVEGFR-3 binds and sequesters VEGF-C, thereby blocking signaling through VEGFR-3 and suppressing lymphangiogenesis induced by VEGF-C. sVEGFR-3 knockdown leads to lymphangiogenesis and hemangiogenesis in the mouse cornea, while overexpression of sVEGFR-3 inhibits lymphangiogenesis and hemangiogenesis in a murine suture injury model. Pax6(+/-) mice spontaneously develop corneal and lymphatic vessels and are deficient in sVEGFR-3. sVEGFR-3 suppresses hemangiogenesis by blocking VEGF-C-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2. Overexpression of sVEGFR-3 leads to a 5-fold increase in corneal transplant survival in mouse models. sVEGFR-3 holds promise as a molecule to control and regress lymphatic-vessel-based dysfunction. Therefore, sVEGFR-3 has the potential to protect the injured cornea from opacification secondary to infection, inflammation, or transplant rejection.

SUBMITTER: Singh N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3656456 | biostudies-literature | 2013 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 is essential for corneal alymphaticity.

Singh Nirbhai N Tiem Michelle M Watkins Ryan R Cho Yang Kyung YK Wang Ying Y Olsen Thomas T Uehara Hironori H Mamalis Christina C Luo Ling L Oakey Zackery Z Ambati Balamurali K BK

Blood 20130308 20

Corneal transparency is a prerequisite for optimal vision and in turn relies on an absence of blood and lymphatic vessels, which is remarkable given the cornea's proximity to vascularized tissues. Membrane-bound vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3), with its cognate ligand vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), is a major mediator of lymphangiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the cornea expresses a novel truncated isoform of this molecule, soluble VEGFR-3 (sVEGFR-3), ...[more]

PMID: 23476047

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Project description:AimsEndothelial cell vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) plays a pivotal role in angiogenesis, which induces physiological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via paracrine signalling between endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. We investigated whether a decrease in circulating soluble VEGFR-2 (sVEGFR-2) levels is associated with poor prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure (HF).Methods and resultsWe performed a multicentre prospective cohort study of 1024 consecutive patients with HF, who were admitted to hospitals due to acute decompensated HF and were stabilized after initial management. Serum levels of sVEGFR-2 were measured at discharge. Patients were followed up over 2 years. The outcomes were cardiovascular death, all-cause death, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) defined as a composite of cardiovascular death and HF hospitalization, and HF hospitalization. The mean age of the patients was 75.5 (standard deviation, 12.6) years, and 57% were male. Patients with lower sVEGFR-2 levels were older and more likely to be female, and had greater proportions of atrial fibrillation and anaemia, and lower proportions of diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and HF with reduced ejection fraction (<40%). During the follow-up, 113 cardiovascular deaths, 211 all-cause deaths, 350 MACE, and 309 HF hospitalizations occurred. After adjustment for potential clinical confounders and established biomarkers [N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein], a low sVEGFR-2 level below the 25th percentile was significantly associated with cardiovascular death [hazard ratio (HR), 1.79; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.16-2.74] and all-cause death (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.04-1.94), but not with MACE (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.86-1.43) or HF hospitalization (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.78-1.35). The stratified analyses revealed that a low sVEGFR-2 level below the 25th percentile was significantly associated with cardiovascular death (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.07-2.85) and all-cause death (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.03-2.15) in the high-NT-proBNP group (above the median), but not in the low-NT-proBNP group. Notably, the patients with high-NT-proBNP and low-sVEGFR-2 (below the 25th percentile) had a 2.96-fold higher risk (95% CI, 1.56-5.85) for cardiovascular death and a 2.40-fold higher risk (95% CI, 1.52-3.83) for all-cause death compared with those with low-NT-proBNP and high-sVEGFR-2.ConclusionsA low sVEGFR-2 value was independently associated with cardiovascular death and all-cause death in patients with chronic HF. These associations were pronounced in those with high NT-proBNP levels.

Project description:Inflammation and angiogenesis are integral parts of wound healing. However, excessive and persistent wound-induced inflammation and angiogenesis in an avascular tissue such as the cornea may be associated with scarring and visual impairment. Junctional adhesion molecule A (Jam-A) is a tight junction protein that regulates leukocyte transmigration as well as fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2)-induced angiogenesis. However its function in wound-induced inflammation and angiogenesis is still unknown. In this study, we report spontaneous corneal opacity in Jam-A deficient mice associated with inflammation, angiogenesis and the presence of myofibroblasts. Since wounds and/or corneal infections cause corneal opacities, we tested the role of Jam-A in wound-induced inflammation, angiogenesis and scarring by subjecting Jam-A deficient mice to full thickness corneal wounding. Analysis of these wounds demonstrated increased inflammation, angiogenesis, and increased number of myofibroblasts thereby indicating that Jam-A regulates the wound-healing response by controlling wound-induced inflammation, angiogenesis and scarring in the cornea. These effects were not due to inflammation alone since the inflammation-induced wound-healing response in Jam-A deficient mice was similar to wild type mice. In order to determine the molecular mechanism associated with the observed aberrant corneal wound healing in Jam-A deficient mice, we assessed the expression of the components of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor- 2(VEGFR-2) signaling pathway. Interestingly, we observed increased levels of VEGF-A mRNA in Jam-A deficient eyes. We also observed nuclear localization of phosphorylated SMAD3 (pSMAD3) indicative of TGF? pathway activation in the Jam-A deficient eyes. Furthermore the increased wound-induced corneal inflammation, angiogenesis, and scarring in Jam-A deficient mice was attenuated by treatment with DC101, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) antibody. Our results suggest that in the absence of Jam-A, the VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 pathway is upregulated, thereby augmenting wound induced corneal inflammation, angiogenesis, and myofibroblast accumulation leading to scarring.

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Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 is essential for corneal alymphaticity.

Publications

Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 is essential for corneal alymphaticity.

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