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Mosaic genome structure of the barley powdery mildew pathogen and conservation of transcriptional programs in divergent hosts.

ABSTRACT: Barley powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), is an obligate biotrophic ascomycete fungal pathogen that can grow and reproduce only on living cells of wild or domesticated barley (Hordeum sp.). Domestication and deployment of resistant barley cultivars by humans selected for amplification of Bgh isolates with different virulence combinations. We sequenced the genomes of two European Bgh isolates, A6 and K1, for comparative analysis with the reference genome of isolate DH14. This revealed a mosaic genome structure consisting of large isolate-specific DNA blocks with either high or low SNP densities. Some of the highly polymorphic blocks likely accumulated SNPs for over 10,000 years, well before the domestication of barley. These isolate-specific blocks of alternating monomorphic and polymorphic regions imply an exceptionally large standing genetic variation in the Bgh population and might be generated and maintained by rare outbreeding and frequent clonal reproduction. RNA-sequencing experiments with isolates A6 and K1 during four early stages of compatible and incompatible interactions on leaves of partially immunocompromised Arabidopsis mutants revealed a conserved Bgh transcriptional program during pathogenesis compared with the natural host barley despite ~200 million years of reproductive isolation of these hosts. Transcripts encoding candidate-secreted effector proteins are massively induced in successive waves. A specific decrease in candidate-secreted effector protein transcript abundance in the incompatible interaction follows extensive transcriptional reprogramming of the host transcriptome and coincides with the onset of localized host cell death, suggesting a host-inducible defense mechanism that targets fungal effector secretion or production.

SUBMITTER: Hacquard S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3683789 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Mosaic genome structure of the barley powdery mildew pathogen and conservation of transcriptional programs in divergent hosts.

Hacquard Stéphane S Kracher Barbara B Maekawa Takaki T Vernaldi Saskia S Schulze-Lefert Paul P Ver Loren van Themaat Emiel E

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20130521 24

Barley powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), is an obligate biotrophic ascomycete fungal pathogen that can grow and reproduce only on living cells of wild or domesticated barley (Hordeum sp.). Domestication and deployment of resistant barley cultivars by humans selected for amplification of Bgh isolates with different virulence combinations. We sequenced the genomes of two European Bgh isolates, A6 and K1, for comparative analysis with the reference genome of isolate DH14. This ...[more]

PMID: 23696672

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Project description:A large-scale parallel expression analysis was conducted to elucidate Mla-specified responses to powdery mildew infection using 22K Barley1 GeneChip probe arrays. Our goal was to identify genes differentially expressed in incompatible (resistant) vs. compatible (susceptible) and Mla-specified Rar1-dependent vs. -independent interactions. A split-split-plot design with 108 experimental units (3 replications x 2 isolates x 3 genotypes x 6 time points) was used to profile near-isogenic lines containing the Mla1, Mla6, and Mla13 resistance specificities in response to inoculation with the Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) isolates 5874 (AvrMla1, AvrMla6) and K1 (AvrMla1, AvrMla13). ****[PLEXdb(http://www.plexdb.org) has submitted this series at GEO on behalf of the original contributor, Rico Caldo. The equivalent experiment is BB4 at PLEXdb.] genotype: CI 16137 (Mla1) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 0 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16137 (Mla1) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 8 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16137 (Mla1) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 16 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16137 (Mla1) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 20 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16137 (Mla1) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 24 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16137 (Mla1) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 32 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16137 (Mla1) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 0 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16137 (Mla1) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 8 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16137 (Mla1) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 16 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16137 (Mla1) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 20 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16137 (Mla1) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 24 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16137 (Mla1) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 32 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16151 (Mla6) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 0 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16151 (Mla6) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 8 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16151 (Mla6) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 16 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16151 (Mla6) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 20 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16151 (Mla6) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 24 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16151 (Mla6) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 32 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16151 (Mla6) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 0 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16151 (Mla6) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 8 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16151 (Mla6) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 16 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16151 (Mla6) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 20 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16151 (Mla6) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 24 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16151 (Mla6) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 32 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16155 (Mla13) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 0 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16155 (Mla13) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 8 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16155 (Mla13) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 16 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16155 (Mla13) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 20 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16155 (Mla13) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 24 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16155 (Mla13) - pathogen isolates: Bgh 5874 - time: 32 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16155 (Mla13) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 0 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16155 (Mla13) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 8 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16155 (Mla13) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 16 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16155 (Mla13) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 20 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16155 (Mla13) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 24 hai(3-replications); genotype: CI 16155 (Mla13) - pathogen isolates: Bgh K1 - time: 32 hai(3-replications)

Dataset Information

Mosaic genome structure of the barley powdery mildew pathogen and conservation of transcriptional programs in divergent hosts.

Publications

Mosaic genome structure of the barley powdery mildew pathogen and conservation of transcriptional programs in divergent hosts.

Similar Datasets

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