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Global transcriptome profiles of Camellia sinensis during cold acclimation.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Tea is the most popular non-alcoholic health beverage in the world. The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) needs to undergo a cold acclimation process to enhance its freezing tolerance in winter. Changes that occur at the molecular level in response to low temperatures are poorly understood in tea plants. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of cold acclimation, we employed RNA-Seq and digital gene expression (DGE) technologies to the study of genome-wide expression profiles during cold acclimation in tea plants. RESULTS: Using the Illumina sequencing platform, we obtained approximately 57.35 million RNA-Seq reads. These reads were assembled into 216,831 transcripts, with an average length of 356 bp and an N50 of 529 bp. In total, 1,770 differentially expressed transcripts were identified, of which 1,168 were up-regulated and 602 down-regulated. These include a group of cold sensor or signal transduction genes, cold-responsive transcription factor genes, plasma membrane stabilization related genes, osmosensing-responsive genes, and detoxification enzyme genes. DGE and quantitative RT-PCR analysis further confirmed the results from RNA-Seq analysis. Pathway analysis indicated that the "carbohydrate metabolism pathway" and the "calcium signaling pathway" might play a vital role in tea plants' responses to cold stress. CONCLUSIONS: Our study presents a global survey of transcriptome profiles of tea plants in response to low, non-freezing temperatures and yields insights into the molecular mechanisms of tea plants during the cold acclimation process. It could also serve as a valuable resource for relevant research on cold-tolerance and help to explore the cold-related genes in improving the understanding of low-temperature tolerance and plant-environment interactions.

SUBMITTER: Wang XC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3701547 | biostudies-literature | 2013

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Global transcriptome profiles of Camellia sinensis during cold acclimation.

Wang Xin-Chao XC Zhao Qiong-Yi QY Ma Chun-Lei CL Zhang Zong-Hong ZH Cao Hong-Li HL Kong Yi-Meng YM Yue Chuan C Hao Xin-Yuan XY Chen Liang L Ma Jian-Qiang JQ Jin Ji-Qiang JQ Li Xuan X Yang Ya-Jun YJ

BMC genomics 20130622

<h4>Background</h4>Tea is the most popular non-alcoholic health beverage in the world. The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) needs to undergo a cold acclimation process to enhance its freezing tolerance in winter. Changes that occur at the molecular level in response to low temperatures are poorly understood in tea plants. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of cold acclimation, we employed RNA-Seq and digital gene expression (DGE) technologies to the study of genome-wide expression ...[more]

PMID: 23799877

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Project description:BackgroundMajor secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, caffeine, and theanine, are important components of tea products and are closely related to the taste, flavor, and health benefits of tea. Secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis is differentially regulated in different tissues during growth and development. Until now, little was known about the expression patterns of genes involved in secondary metabolic pathways or their regulatory mechanisms. This study aimed to generate expression profiles for C. sinensis tissues and to build a gene regulation model of the secondary metabolic pathways.ResultsRNA sequencing was performed on 13 different tissue samples from various organs and developmental stages of tea plants, including buds and leaves of different ages, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots. A total of 43.7 Gbp of raw sequencing data were generated, from which 347,827 unigenes were assembled and annotated. There were 46,693, 8446, 3814, 10,206, and 4948 unigenes specifically expressed in the buds and leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots, respectively. In total, 1719 unigenes were identified as being involved in the secondary metabolic pathways in C. sinensis, and the expression patterns of the genes involved in flavonoid, caffeine, and theanine biosynthesis were characterized, revealing the dynamic nature of their regulation during plant growth and development. The possible transcription factor regulation network for the biosynthesis of flavonoid, caffeine, and theanine was built, encompassing 339 transcription factors from 35 families, namely bHLH, MYB, and NAC, among others. Remarkably, not only did the data reveal the possible critical check points in the flavonoid, caffeine, and theanine biosynthesis pathways, but also implicated the key transcription factors and related mechanisms in the regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis.ConclusionsOur study generated gene expression profiles for different tissues at different developmental stages in tea plants. The gene network responsible for the regulation of the secondary metabolic pathways was analyzed. Our work elucidated the possible cross talk in gene regulation between the secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways in C. sinensis. The results increase our understanding of how secondary metabolic pathways are regulated during plant development and growth cycles, and help pave the way for genetic selection and engineering for germplasm improvement.

Project description:A long green period is essential for a turfgrass species with high ornamental value and a wide area of use. Zoysiagrasses (Zoysia spp. Willd.) are perennial turfgrass species popular in tropical, subtropical and temperate zones, possessing many properties necessary to be economically useful turfgrass. They do not have a long green period because of cold sensitivity. A main focus in zoysiagrass research is to develop cold tolerant cultivars. Understanding the cold response in zoysiagrass is a fundamental area of research. In the present study, 'Meyer' zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica), a widely cultivated variety in the genus, is used. We employed RNA-Seq to investigate genome-wide gene expression profiles in leaves under cold stress (4°C). Using the Illumina sequencing platform, we obtained approximately 206 million high-quality paired-end reads from three libraries (0 h, 2 h, and 72 h cold treatment at 4°C). After de novo assembly and quantitative assessment, 46,412 unigenes were generated with an average length of 998 bp and an N50 of 1,522 bp. A total of 25,644 (55.2%) unigenes were annotated by alignment with public protein databases including NR, SwissProt, KEGG and KOG. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were investigated using the RPKM method. A total of 756 DEGs were identified between 0 h and 2 h-cold treatment, with 522 up-regulated and 234 down-regulated; and 5327 DEGs were identified between 0 h and 72 h-cold treatment, with 2453 up-regulated and 2874 down-regulated. The expression profile of 15 DEGs selected randomly was confirmed with qRT-PCR. The results suggest that cold stress can induce desiccation and oxidative stress, inhibit photosynthesis and substance transport. In response to the stress, genes involved in proline synthesis, in starch hydrolysis, in methionine and ascorbic acid metabolism, in SOD activity, and in DREBs response pathway were up-regulated. GA metabolism, ABA and JA stimulus response were affected under cold exposure. This is the first transcriptome sequencing of Z. japonica, providing a large set of sequence data as well as gene expression profiles under cold stress. It will improve our current understanding of the cold response of zoysiagrass and be beneficial in breeding research.

Project description:We analyzed the transcriptomes in the shoots of five-year-old 'Soomee' peach trees (Prunus persica) during cold acclimation (CA), from early CA (end of October) to late CA (middle of January), and deacclimation (DA), from late CA to late DA (middle of March), to identify the genes involved in cold hardiness. Cold hardiness of the shoots increased from early to late CA, but decreased from late CA to late DA, as indicated by decreased and increased the median lethal temperature (LT50), respectively. Transcriptome analysis identified 17,208 assembled transcripts during all three stages. In total, 1891 and 3008 transcripts were differentially expressed with a |fold change| > 2 (p < 0.05) between early and late CA, and between late CA and late DA, respectively. Among them, 1522 and 2830, respectively, were functionally annotated with gene ontology (GO) terms having a greater proportion of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with molecular function than biological process or cellular component categories. The biochemical pathways best represented both periods from early to late CA and from late CA to late DA were 'metabolic pathway' and 'biosynthesis of secondary metabolites'. We validated these transcriptomic results by performing reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction on the selected DEGs showing significant fold changes. The relative expressions of the selected DEGs were closely related to the LT50 values of the peach tree shoots: 'Soomee' shoots exhibited higher relative expressions of the selected DEGs than shoots of the less cold-hardy 'Odoroki' peach trees. Irrespective of the cultivar, the relative expressions of the DEGs that were up- and then down-regulated during CA, from early to late CA, and DA, from late CA to late DA, were more closely correlated with cold hardiness than those of the DEGs that were down- and then up-regulated. Therefore, our results suggest that the significantly up- and then down-regulated DEGs are associated with cold hardiness in peach tree shoots. These DEGs, including early light-induced protein 1, chloroplastic, 14-kDa proline-rich protein DC2.15, glutamate dehydrogenase 2, and triacylglycerol lipase 2, could be candidate genes to determine cold hardiness.

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Global transcriptome profiles of Camellia sinensis during cold acclimation.

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Global transcriptome profiles of Camellia sinensis during cold acclimation.

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