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Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma after Failure of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor.

ABSTRACT: Since the first description of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation as a distinct clinical entity, studies have proved EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as a first choice of treatment. The median response duration of TKIs as a first-line treatment for EGFR mutant tumors ranges from 11 to 14 months. However, acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs is inevitable due to various mechanisms, such as T790M, c-Met amplification, activation of alternative pathways (IGF-1, HGF, PI3CA, AXL), transformation to mesenchymal cell or small cell features, and tumor heterogeneity. Until development of a successful treatment strategy to overcome such acquired resistance, few options are currently available. Here we provide a summary of the therapeutic options after failure of first line EGFR-TKI treatment for NSCLC.

SUBMITTER: Lee JC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3710966 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma after Failure of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor.

Lee Jae Cheol JC Jang Seung Hun SH Lee Kye Young KY Kim Young-Chul YC

Cancer research and treatment 20130630 2

Since the first description of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation as a distinct clinical entity, studies have proved EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as a first choice of treatment. The median response duration of TKIs as a first-line treatment for EGFR mutant tumors ranges from 11 to 14 months. However, acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs is inevitable due to various mechanisms, such as T790M, c-Met amplification, activation of ...[more]

PMID: 23864840

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Project description:AimsEpidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have shown dramatic clinical benefits in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, resistance remains a serious problem in clinical practice. The present study analyzed mTOR-associated signaling-pathway differences between the EGFR TKI-sensitive and -resistant NSCLC cell lines and investigated the feasibility of targeting mTOR with specific mTOR inhibitor in EGFR TKI resistant NSCLC cells.MethodsWe selected four different types of EGFR TKI-sensitive and -resistant NSCLC cells: PC9, PC9GR, H1650 and H1975 cells as models to detect mTOR-associated signaling-pathway differences by western blot and Immunoprecipitation and evaluated the antiproliferative effect and cell cycle arrest of ku-0063794 by MTT method and flow cytometry.ResultsIn the present study, we observed that mTORC2-associated Akt ser473-FOXO1 signaling pathway in a basal state was highly activated in resistant cells. In vitro mTORC1 and mTORC2 kinase activities assays showed that EGFR TKI-resistant NSCLC cell lines had higher mTORC2 kinase activity, whereas sensitive cells had higher mTORC1 kinase activity in the basal state. The ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor ku-0063794 showed dramatic antiproliferative effects and G1-cell cycle arrest in both sensitive and resistant cells. Ku-0063794 at the IC50 concentration effectively inhibited both mTOR and p70S6K phosphorylation levels; the latter is an mTORC1 substrate and did not upregulate Akt ser473 phosphorylation which would be induced by rapamycin and resulted in partial inhibition of FOXO1 phosphorylation. We also observed that EGFR TKI-sensitive and -resistant clinical NSCLC tumor specimens had higher total and phosphorylated p70S6K expression levels.ConclusionOur results indicate mTORC2-associated signaling-pathway was hyperactivated in EGFR TKI-resistant cells and targeting mTOR with specific mTOR inhibitors is likely a good strategy for patients with EGFR mutant NSCLC who develop EGFR TKI resistance; the potential specific roles of mTORC2 in EGFR TKI-resistant NSCLC cells were still unknown and should be further investigated.

Project description:ObjectiveTo review and summarize the characteristics of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after EGFR-TKI treatment and its role in TKI resistance.BackgroundLung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of death from cancer in both men and women around the world. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are considered a first-line treatment for EGFR-mutated NSCLC. However, almost all patients eventually develop acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs, with a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 9-14 months. As immunotherapy has developed, it has become apparent that interactions between the TIME and tumor cells also affect EGFR-TKI treatment. The TIME comprises a variety of components but previous studies of the TIME following EGFR-TKI therapy of NSCLC are inconsistent. Here, we reviewed the characteristics of the TIME in NSCLC after EGFR-TKI treatment and its role in TKI resistance.MethodsPubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched to July 1, 2021 with the following key words: "NSCLC", "EGFR", and "immunotherapy".ConclusionsThe TIME of EGFR-mutated NSCLC is different from that of non-mutated NSCLC, an explanation for EGFR-mutated NSCLC displaying a poor response to ICIs. The TIME of EGFR-mutated NSCLC also changes during treatment with EGFR-TKIs. The TIME in EGFR-TKI-resistant lung cancer can be summarized as follows: (I) compared with EGFR-TKI-sensitive tumors, EGFR-TKI-resistant tumors have a greater number of immunosuppressive cells and fewer immune-activated cells, while the tumor microenvironment is in an immunosuppressive state; (II) tumor cells and immunosuppressive cells secrete multiple negative immune regulatory factors, inhibit the recognition and presentation of tumor antigens and the antitumor effect of immune cells, resulting in immune escape; 3.EGFR-TKI-resistant tumors promote EMT. These three characteristics interact, resulting in a regulatory signaling network, which together leads to EGFR-TKI resistance.

Project description:The Lung Adjuvant Cisplatin Evaluation (LACE) meta-analysis and the meta-analysis of individual participant data reported by non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Meta-analysis Collaborative Group in neo-adjuvant setting validated respectively that adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy would significantly improve overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival for resectable NSCLC. However, chemotherapy has reached a therapeutic plateau. It has been confirmed that epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) targeting therapy provides a dramatic response to patients with advanced EGFR-mutation positive NSCLC. Researchers have paid more attention to exploring applications of TKIs to early resectable NSCLCs. Several studies on adjuvant TKI treatment concluded its safety and feasibility. But there existed certain limitations of these studies as inference factors to interpret data accurately: the BR19 study recruited patients among which almost 52% had stage IB and only 15 (3.0%, 15/503) had been confirmed with EGFR-mutant type; retrospective studies performed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) selected EGFR mutant-type NSCLC patients but couldn't avoid inherent defects inside retrospective researches; the RADIANT study revised endpoints from targeting at EGFR immunohistochemistry (IHC)+ and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)+ mutation to only EGFR IHC+ mutation, leading to selective bias; despite that the SELECT study validated efficacy of adjuvant TKI and second round of TKI after resistance occurred, a single-arm clinical trial is not that persuasive in the absence of comparison with chemotherapy. Taking all these limitations into account, CTONG1104 in China and IMPACT in Japan have been conducted and recruiting patients to offer higher level of evidences to explore efficacy of preoperative TKI therapy for early resectable EGFR mutation positive NSCLC patients (confirmed by pathological results of tumor tissue or lymph node biopsy). On the other hand, case reports and several phase II clinical trials with small sample size tried to elbow their way on respect of preoperative TKI treatment and advised that TKI tended to improve response rate. However, no data on survival rate was present. The first phase II study of biomarker-guided neoadjuvant therapy for stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC patients stratified by EGFR mutation status, sponsored by CSLC0702, showed erlotinib tended to improve response rate, but failed to show benefits of disease-free survival (DFS) or OS. Subsequently, CTONG1103 was designed to investigate efficacy of erlotinib vs. combination of gemcitabine/cisplatin (GC) as neoadjuvant treatment in stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC with sensitizing EGFR mutation in exon 19 or 21. All these ongoing trials should be worthy of our expect to provide convincing evidences for customized therapy for patients with resectable NSCLC.

Project description:BackgroundIn this open-label, international phase 2 study, the authors assessed the efficacy and safety of olmutinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had a confirmed T790M mutation and disease progression on previous epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.MethodsPatients aged ≥20 years received once-daily oral olmutinib 800 mg continuously in 21-day cycles. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate (patients who had a confirmed best overall response of a complete or partial response), assessed by central review. Secondary endpoints included the disease control rate, the duration of objective response, progression-free survival, and overall survival. Adverse events were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.03).ResultsOverall, 162 patients (median age, 63 years; women, >60%) were enrolled from 68 sites in 9 countries. At the time of database cutoff, 23.5% of enrolled patients remained on treatment. The median treatment duration was 6.5 months (range, 0.03-21.68 months). Overall, 46.3% of patients (95% CI, 38.4%-54.3%) had a confirmed objective response (all partial responses). The best overall response (the objective response rate regardless of confirmation) was 51.9% (84 patients; 95% CI, 43.9%-59.8%). The confirmed disease control rate for all patients was 86.4% (95% CI, 80.2%-91.3%). The median duration of objective response was 12.7 months (95% CI, 8.3-15.4 months). Estimated median progression-free survival was 9.4 months (95% CI, 6.9-12.3 months), and estimated median overall survival was 19.7 months (95% CI, 15.1 months to not reached). All patients experienced treatment-emergent adverse events, and 71.6% of patients had grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events.ConclusionsOlmutinib has meaningful clinical activity and a manageable safety profile in patients with T790M-positive non-small cell lung cancer who received previous epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.

Dataset Information

Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma after Failure of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor.

Publications

Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma after Failure of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor.

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