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Trends in intakes and sources of solid fats and added sugars among U.S. children and adolescents: 1994-2010.

ABSTRACT: There are increasing global concerns about improving the dietary intakes of children and adolescents. In the United States (U.S.), the focus is on reducing energy from foods and beverages that provide empty calories from solid fats and added sugars (SoFAS).We examine trends in intakes and sources of solid fat and added sugars among U.S. 2-18 year olds from 1994 to 2010.Data from five nationally representative surveys, the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals Surveys (1994-1996) and the What We Eat In America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008 and 2009-2010) were used to examine key food sources and energy from solid fats and added sugars. Sample sizes ranged from 2594 to 8259 per survey period, for a total of 17?268 observations across the five surveys. Food files were linked over time to create comparable food groups and nutrient values. Differences were examined by age, race/ethnicity and family income.Daily intake of energy from SoFAS among U.S. 2-18 year olds decreased from 1994 to 2010, with declines primarily detected in the recent time periods. Solid fats accounted for a greater proportion of total energy intake than did added sugars.Although the consumption of solid fats and added sugars among children and adolescents in the U.S. decreased between 1994-1998 and 2009-2010, mean intakes continue to exceed recommended limits.

SUBMITTER: Slining MM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3713091 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Trends in intakes and sources of solid fats and added sugars among U.S. children and adolescents: 1994-2010.

Slining M M MM Popkin B M BM

Pediatric obesity 20130402 4

<h4>Background</h4>There are increasing global concerns about improving the dietary intakes of children and adolescents. In the United States (U.S.), the focus is on reducing energy from foods and beverages that provide empty calories from solid fats and added sugars (SoFAS).<h4>Objective</h4>We examine trends in intakes and sources of solid fat and added sugars among U.S. 2-18 year olds from 1994 to 2010.<h4>Methods</h4>Data from five nationally representative surveys, the Continuing Survey of ...[more]

PMID: 23554397

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Project description:Importance:The Smart Snacks in School standards (hereafter, Smart Snacks) were issued in 2013 with the aim of improving students' dietary intake behaviors. Goals of Smart Snacks included reducing total energy intake, consumption of solid fats and added sugars, and sodium intake. Smart Snacks standards were required to be implemented by the start of the 2014 to 2015 school year at all US schools participating in federal child nutrition programs. Objective:To examine the association of state laws that specifically direct schools to implement Smart Snacks with student dietary consumption outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants:This cross-sectional study used nationally representative data collected in the 2014 to 2015 school year as part of the School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study. Students in grades 1 through 12 (ages approximately 6-18 years) were randomly selected from 310 public schools in 30 US states and the District of Columbia. Analytic weights were applied and all percentages reported are weighted. Analyses were conducted from March 1, 2018, to December 12, 2019. Exposures:State laws requiring schools to implement Smart Snacks. Main Outcomes and Measures:A 24-hour recall was used to assess student dietary intake as daily kilocalories consumed as (a) total energy, (b) solid fats and added sugars combined, (c) solid fats, or (d) added sugars. Milligrams of daily sodium consumption were also computed. Results:Among 1959 students (mean [SD] age, 11.9 [3.5] years; 1014 [50.9%] boys), 420 students (22.5%) attended school in a state with Smart Snacks laws, and 528 students (26.1%) consumed snacks obtained at school. In covariate-adjusted models, total energy intake did not vary based on state law. Adjusted mean daily kilocalories from solid fats and added sugars was significantly lower among students in states with laws (508.7 [95% CI, 463.0 to 554.4] kcal) than among students in states without laws (562.5 [95% CI, 534.3 to 590.8] kcal; difference, -53.9 [95% CI, -104.5 to -3.2] kcal; P?=?.04). Consumption of sodium did not differ by state law. Kilocalories from solid fats contributed more to the difference than kilocalories from added sugars (-37.7 [95% CI -62.8 to -12.6] kcal vs -16.2 [95% CI, -51.3 to 19.0] kcal). Conclusions and Relevance:These findings suggest that students in states with laws requiring schools to implement Smart Snacks had better dietary intake than students in states without laws, consuming a mean of 53.9 fewer kilocalories from solid fats and added sugars per day, after adjusting for covariates. State-level policy mechanisms may support schools' implementation of federal standards in ways that are associated with healthier diets among children and adolescents.

Project description:BackgroundResearch has shown that early exposure to added sugars from table food is related to increased intake of added sugars in later childhood. The earliest window of exposure to added sugars may be in infancy via infant formula. However, beyond the well-established factors of maternal lifestyle and modeling, there is a lack of research examining how exposure to added sugars from infant formula influences infant/toddler added sugar intakes from table foods and sugar sweetened beverages (SSB).ObjectiveWhile accounting factors previously associated with infant/toddler added sugar intakes and maternal SSB consumption (proximal measure of maternal modeling), this study aims to examine if there is an association between added sugars in infant formula and added sugar intakes from table foods and SSB during the complementary feeding period.MethodsThis is a secondary, cross-sectional analysis using three-day caregiver-reported 24-h dietary recalls in a cohort of infant/toddlers (n = 95), ages 9- < 16 mos., enrolled in a music intervention trial. Hierarchical stepwise regression was used to estimate the association between exposure to added sugars from infant formula and (1) intake of added sugars from table food and (2) SSB consumption. Infant/toddler SSB consumption was transformed to account for distributional properties. We performed incremental F-tests to determine whether the addition of each step improved model fit (R2).ResultsEarly exposure to added sugars via infant formula was associated with infant/toddler SSB (ΔR2 = 0.044, Finc (1, 87) =6.009, p = 0.016) beyond sociodemographic and maternal SSB consumption, but not with infant/toddler added sugar intakes from table foods (ΔR2 = 0.02, Finc (1, 87) =3.308, p = 0.072).ConclusionWhile past studies have identified circumstantial (i.e., sociodemographic), or indirect (i.e., maternal lifestyle and modeling), mechanisms contributing to higher infant/toddler added sugar intakes, this study identifies exposure to added sugars from infant formula as a possible direct mechanism explaining why some infants/toddlers consume more added sugars.

Project description:BackgroundOver the past 2 decades, there has been an increased emphasis on added sugars intake in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), which has been accompanied by policies and interventions aimed at reducing intake, particularly among children, adolescents, and teens.ObjectivesThe present study provides a comprehensive time-trends analysis of added sugars intakes and contributing sources in the diets of US children, adolescents, and teens (2-18 years) from 2001-2018, focusing on variations according to sociodemographic factors (age, sex, race and ethnicity, income), food assistance, and health-related factors (physical activity level, body weight status).MethodsData from 9 consecutive 2-year cycles of the NHANES were combined and regression analyses were conducted to test for trends in added sugars intake and sources from 2001-2018 for the overall age group (2-18 years) and for 2 age subgroups (2-8 and 9-18 years). Trends were also examined on subsamples stratified by sex, race and ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White), income (household poverty income ratio), food assistance, physical activity level, and body weight status.ResultsFrom 2001-2018, added sugars intakes decreased significantly (P < 0.01), from 15.6% to 12.6% kcal among children (2-8 years) and from 18.4% to 14.3% kcal among adolescents and teens (9-18 years), mainly due to significant declines in added sugars from sweetened beverages, which remained the top source. Declines in added sugars intakes were observed for all strata, albeit to varying degrees.ConclusionsDeclines in added sugars intakes were observed among children, adolescents, and teens from 2001-2018, regardless of sociodemographic factors, food assistance, physical activity level, or body weight status, but variations in the magnitudes of decline suggest persistent disparities related to race and ethnicity and to income. Despite these declines, intakes remain above the DGA recommendation; thus, continued monitoring is warranted.

Dataset Information

Trends in intakes and sources of solid fats and added sugars among U.S. children and adolescents: 1994-2010.

Publications

Trends in intakes and sources of solid fats and added sugars among U.S. children and adolescents: 1994-2010.

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