Dataset Information

Risk factors for the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2010 outbreak in Japan: a case-control study.

ABSTRACT:

Background

In 2010, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) occurred for the first time in a decade in Japan. Movement or shipment of people and animals around infected farms was restricted; however these contingency measures proved insufficient to prevent FMD spread. Consequently, a total of 292 farms were confirmed as infected during this outbreak. We conducted a case-control study to identify the risk factors associated with FMD transmission between farms during these restrictions. As there was discordance in the control measures taken, risk factors were examined separately for two areas. Analyses were also performed separately for cattle and pig farms given their different infectivity and susceptibility.

Results

For cattle farms in the movement restriction area, the odds of having the factor 'farm equipment was shared with other farms' was significantly higher for case farms than for control farms. For cattle farms in the shipment restriction area, the odds of having the factors 'feed transport vehicles visited the farm' and 'staff of livestock-related companies visited the farm' were significantly higher on case farms than control farms. In pig farms in the movement restriction area, the odds of having factor 'farm staff commuted from outside' was 20 times higher for case farms than control farms. In addition, case farms were less likely to have the factors 'fattening farm' and 'barn has physical barriers' compared with control farms.

Conclusions

In the movement restriction area, the disease was likely to spread regardless of the movement of people and vehicles, and physical barriers were found to be a protective factor. Therefore, physical barriers from the surrounding environments seemed to prevent farms from being infected. Conversely, in the shipment restriction area, movement of people and vehicles was strongly associated with disease spread. These results allow a better understanding of the risk factors associated with FMD transmission and are useful to enhance future preventive measures against transmission during FMD outbreaks.

SUBMITTER: Muroga N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3724691 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Risk factors for the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2010 outbreak in Japan: a case-control study.

Muroga Norihiko N Kobayashi Sota S Nishida Takeshi T Hayama Yoko Y Kawano Takaaki T Yamamoto Takehisa T Tsutsui Toshiyuki T

BMC veterinary research 20130724

<h4>Background</h4>In 2010, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) occurred for the first time in a decade in Japan. Movement or shipment of people and animals around infected farms was restricted; however these contingency measures proved insufficient to prevent FMD spread. Consequently, a total of 292 farms were confirmed as infected during this outbreak. We conducted a case-control study to identify the risk factors associated with FMD transmission between farms during these restrictions. As there was ...[more]

PMID: 23880398

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Project description:To minimize the potential consequences of an introduction of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Europe, European Union (EU) member states are required to present a contingency plan. This study used a simulation model to study potential outbreak scenarios in Sweden and evaluate the best control strategies. The model was informed by the Swedish livestock structure using herd information from cattle, pig, and small ruminant holdings in the country. The contact structure was based on animal movement data and studies investigating the movements between farms of veterinarians, service trucks, and other farm visitors. All scenarios of outbreak control included depopulation of detected herds, 3 km protection and 10 km surveillance zones, movement tracing, and 3 days national standstill. The effect of availability of surveillance resources, i.e., number of field veterinarians per day, and timeliness of enforcement of interventions, was assessed. With the estimated currently available resources, an FMD outbreak in Sweden is expected to be controlled (i.e., last infected herd detected) within 3 weeks of detection in any evaluated scenario. The density of farms in the area where the epidemic started would have little impact on the time to control the outbreak, but spread in high density areas would require more surveillance resources, compared to areas of lower farm density. The use of vaccination did not result in a reduction in the expected number of infected herds. Preemptive depopulation was able to reduce the number of infected herds in extreme scenarios designed to test a combination of worst-case conditions of virus introduction and spread, but at the cost of doubling the number of herds culled. This likely resulted from a combination of the small outbreaks predicted by the spread model, and the high efficacy of the basic control measures evaluated, under the conditions of the Swedish livestock industry, and considering the assumed control resources available. The results indicate that the duration and extent of FMD outbreaks could be kept limited in Sweden using the EU standard control strategy and a 3 days national standstill.

Dataset Information

Risk factors for the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2010 outbreak in Japan: a case-control study.

Background

Results

Conclusions

Publications

Risk factors for the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2010 outbreak in Japan: a case-control study.

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