Aichi virus in sewage and surface water, the Netherlands.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Lodder WJ
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3739534 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), belonging to the genus Kobuvirus in the family Picornaviridae, has been proposed as a causative agent of human gastroenteritis potentially transmitted by fecal-oral routes through contaminated food or water. AiV-1 is globally distributed and has been detected in various types of environmental samples, such as sewage, river water, groundwater, and shellfish. Recent environmental studies revealed that this virus could be detected in higher frequency and greater abundance than other human enteric viruses. These findings suggest that AiV-1 could potentially be an appropriate indicator of viral contamination in the environment because of its high prevalence in water environments as well as structural and genetic similarity with some of the other important enteric viruses. Further studies on the occurrence and fate of AiV-1 in environments, even in combination with clinical studies of many regions, are needed for a better understanding of their epidemiology, temporal and geographical distribution, environmental stability, and potential health risks to humans.
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Project description:Although norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus and Astrovirus are considered the most important viral agents transmitted by food and water, in recent years other viruses, such as Aichi virus (AiV), have emerged as responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with different foods. AiV belongs to the genus Kobuvirus of the family Picornaviridae. It is a virus with icosahedral morphology that presents a single stranded RNA genome with positive sense (8280 nucleotides) and a poly (A) chain. AiV was first detected from clinical samples and in recent years has been involved in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks from different world regions. Furthermore, several studies conducted in Japan, Germany, France, Tunisia and Spain showed a high prevalence of AiV antibodies in adults (between 80% and 99%), which is indicative of a large exposure to this virus. The aim of this review is to bring together all the discovered information about the emerging pathogen human Aichi virus (AiV), discussing the possibles routes of transmission, new detection techniques and future research. Although AiV is responsible for a low percentage of gastroenteritis outbreaks, the high seroprevalence shown by human populations indicates an evident role as an enteric agent. The low percentage of AiV detection could be explained by the fact that the pathogen is more associated to subclinical infections. Further studies will be needed to clarify the real impact of AiV in human health and its importance as a causative gastroenteritis agent worldwide.
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Project description:Frequent monitoring of emerging viruses of agricultural crops is one of the most important missions for plant virologists. A fast and precise identification of potential harmful viruses may prevent the occurrence of serious epidemics. Nowadays, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies became an accessible and powerful tool for this purpose. The major discussion of this strategy resides in the process of sample collection, which is usually laborious, costly and nonrepresentative. In this study, we assessed the use of sewage water samples for monitoring the widespread, numerous, and stable plant viruses using HTS analysis and RT-qPCR. Plant viruses belonged to 12 virus families were found, from which Virgaviridae, Solemoviridae, Tymoviridae, Alphaflexiviridae, Betaflexiviridae, Closteroviridae and Secoviridae were the most abundant ones with more than 20 species. Additionally, we detected one quarantine virus in Brazil and a new tobamovirus species. To assess the importance of the processed foods as virus release origins to sewage, we selected two viruses, the tobamovirus pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and the carlavirus garlic common latent virus (GarCLV), to detect in processed food materials by RT-qPCR. PMMoV was detected in large amount in pepper-based processed foods and in sewage samples, while GarCLV was less frequent in dried and fresh garlic samples, and in the sewage samples. This suggested a high correlation of virus abundance in sewage and processed food sources. The potential use of sewage for a virus survey is discussed in this study. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40858-023-00575-8.
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Project description:Aichi virus (AiV) belongs to the genus Kobuvirus of the family Picornaviridae; it is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus without an envelope. AiV causes acute gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Low incidence and high seroprevalence of AiV infections have been reported in several regions of the world; however, little was known on the prevalence of AiV infections in Taiwan. This study described the first two cases of AiV infection and analyzed AiV seroprevalence in Taiwan. A total of 700 sera were collected from a single hospital in southern Taiwan. The neutralization assay was employed to assess AiV neutralization antibodies in the serum. The test identified 48 positive cases, with a seroprevalence of 6.86%. Results also showed a gradual increase in AiV seroprevalence rate with age. Compared with other countries, Taiwan had a relatively low AiV seroprevalence, suggesting a low incidence of or sporadic AiV infections.
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